182 
THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, 
INDUPLICATE. Having the margins bent abruptly 
inwards,’ and the external face of these edges applied 
to each other without any twisting. 
INDUSIUM. The membranous cover which overlies 
or underlies the sporangia of ferns. The name is also 
applied to the annulus of some fungals. 
INERMIS. Unarmed; destitute of any kind of 
spines or prickles, 
INFERIOR. Growing below some other organ. 
The ovary, or fruit, is said to be Inferior when it is 
crowned by the calyx, petals, and stamens. 
INFLORESCENCE. The disposition of the flowers. 
INFRACTOUS. Curved inwards. 
INFUNDIBULIFORM. Funnel-shaped. 
INGA (the South American name of one of the species). 
Orv. Leguminose. A genus comprising 140 species of 
stove unarmed shrubs or trees, natives of the warmer parts 
of South America, principally of Guiana and Brazil. 
Flowers usually white or yellowish, produced in spikes 
or nearly globular heads, from the axils of the leaves. 
Leaves abruptly pinnate, composed of from two to five 
or six pairs of rather large leaflets. The species, with the 
exception, perhaps, of J. pulcherrima, are very rarely 
seen in cultivation. They thrive in a compost of peat 
and loam, and plenty of moisture will be needed during 
the summer months, but scarcely any in winter. In- 
creased by cuttings, made of the young shoots, in spring 
and summer, ard inserted in sandy peat, under a bell 
glass, in heat. 
I. macrophylla (large-leaved). fl. yellow. Z. bipinnate, of two 
pors: leaflets ovate, acute, smooth, shining above, a gland 
petween each pair; petiole winged. h. 20ft. Cumana, 1815. 
(B. M. 5075.) 
pulcherrima (fairest). jl. scarlet, disposed in solitary, pedun- 
culate, pendulous heads. Summer. Z. with four or five pairs of 
pinne; each pinna bearing from twenty to twenty-six pairs of 
small, linear, obtuse, closely imbricated, adpressedly-ciliated 
leaflets, Branches slender, spreading. kh. 10ft. Mexico, 1846. 
(P. M. B. v. 147.) y 
INKBERRY. An American name for Ilex glabra. 
INOCARPUS (from is, inos, a fibre, and karpos, a 
fruit; in reference to the fibrous envelopes). ORD. 
Leguminosæ. A genus comprising three species of stove 
evergreen trees, natives of the Pacific islands and the 
Indian Archipelago. Flowers yellow, in axillary spikes; 
calyx tubular; petals five. Leaves simple (one-foliolate), 
coriaceous, penninerved ; petioles very short. The species 
require a compost of loam and peat. Cuttings of the half- 
ripened shoots will root in sand, in heat. - 
I, edulis (edible). /l. white ; petals five, united to form a short 
tube. Summer. fr. a one-seeded fibrous pod. J, alternate, 
h. 20ft. South Sea Islands, 1793. 
INSECTICIDES. The prompt destruction of in- 
jurious insects, immediately any are detected, is an 
important and essential operation to be performed in 
ction with all cultivated trees and plants. Insects 
the most minute description increase with such 
lity, if left alone, that irreparable damage is soon 
caused to any subject they infest. An Insecticide is 
= any composition prepared from ingredients destructive 
to insect life. Some Insecticides, too, are useful in 
checking or destroying low forms of parasitic plant 
life, such as Mildew, &c. To be effective and avail- 
able for use on plants, it must be fatal to insects 
without in any way injuring the host. Plants which 
are leafless, and in a dormant state, will bear being 
washed with an Insecticide nearly or quite double 
the strength they could withstand when in full leaf; 
hence the importance of thoroughly cleaning plants, and 
also the house, during winter, when insects. increase 
less rapidly than at other seasons, and are more con- 
eentrated on those parts of deciduous plants which 
. Tobacco, in one form or another, is, perhaps, 
» most useful substance entering into the composi- 
1 of Insecticides. it may be soaked in water, for 
Insecticides—continued. 
dipping plants, and the preparation made to any strength 
desired; used as a dry, ground powder, for dusting 
over the leaves or points of shoots; or burnt in houses, 
for the destruction of insects by the smoke. Soft Soap 
is a cheap and excellent Insecticide, used in ‘many 
gardens to the exclusion of all other preparations. lb 
may be readily dissolved in water at any time, and to 
any required strength, according as various plants may be 
able to withstand it. An ounce, or even less, to a gallon 
of water, will generally be sufficiently strong to use for 
sponging the leaves, or for dipping plants in. Nicotine 
Soap has some of the properties of tobacco; it is a. good 
Insecticide, and may, when purchased, be readily prepared 
for use. Gishurst Compound, an old and well-known 
composition, in frequent use, and Fir-tree Oil, are soluble 
and useful Insecticides for general purposes. Directions 
for preparing them accompany each box or bottle sold; 
and it is rather important that they be followed, as far 
as possible, especially in the use of soft water. Petro- 
leum—erroneously called paraffin, a different article—is 
very destructive, especially to Mealy Bue; but, unfor- 
tunately, it is insoluble in water, and requires very 
careful application. A small wineglassful to three gal- 
lons of water, is not too much in many instances; but it 
must be thoroughly mixed with the water by constant 
agitation, preferably with a syringe. Hellebore Powder 
is sometimes employed as an Insecticide, more particu- 
larly for the destruction of the Gooséberry Caterpillar ; 
but, being a deadly poison, it must be carefully handled, 
and be afterwards washed off with clean water. Flowers 
of Sulphur, used either dry or mixed with water, is 
one of the best things for destroying or preventing the 
spread of Mildew. There are various other Insecticides 
sold, but those already noticed arè mostly in general 
use, and answer their purpose, when properly applied, 
so far as can be expected of preparations. Their use and. 
effect with, and on, different plants can only be treated 
of individually and after experience gained from ex- 
periments made according to the directions usually 
accompanying the respective preparations. —_- 
It is much preferable to avoid, as far as possible, the | 
use of Insecticides, especially those applied in a liquid | 
state, as it is frequently a difficult matter, even with 
careful precautions, to kill insects entirely, without, at the 
same time, causing injury to the plants infested by them. 
If due care and attention be paid to watering, syringing, 
and ventilation, as well as proper repotting, &c., insects 
will not give much trouble. When the use of an Insecti- 
cide becomes requisite, it should be promptly applied, 
choosing an evening or a dull day for the operation, and 
afterwards removing all traces by clear water. Insect 
Powder—of which the basis is composed of the dried and 
powdered leaves and flowers of Pyrethrum roseum and 
oe ee effective when dusted on infested 
p ka P; 
_ INSECTS. No other class of the animal kingdom 
is of so much interest and importance to those engaged 
in gardening, or in farming, as are Insects, which, in 
in their countless forms and modes of life, force them- 
selves upon the notice of even the least observant. 
The destruction they cause to field and garden pro- 
duce is great, and at times excessive; and these attacks 
can be met successfully only when means are used that 
are based on a knowledge of the habits of the injurious 
species. But while Insects are more conspicuous because 
of the injuries they inflict on our fields and gardens, we 
must not forget that many kinds are beneficial to plants, 
either by the services they render in conveying pollen 
from flower to flower, and thereby securing the produe- 
tion of healthy offspring to the plants; or by feeding on, 
and thus destroying, the injurious kinds of Insects. 
Were it not for the aid rendered to us by the parasitic 
species, we must often be helpless to check the ravages 
