188 
THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, 
Insects—continued. 
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Fic. 307. LARGE WHITE CABBAGE BUTTERFLY. 
the hinder rings of the body. This order includes the 
Butterflies and Moths. They are not injurious in their 
Fic, 308. FEMALE Gipsy MOTH, 
mature condition; but all the larvæ feed on plants, and 
many of them are very hurtful in gardens. See also 
Fic. 309. CATERPILLAR OF LARGE CABBAGE BUTTERFLY. 
ia, Tortrix, Turnip Moth, Winter Moth, 
and others referred to above. 
Fic. 310. CODLIN MOTH AND GRUB. 
-Diptera Di otera, or Two-winged Flies, have only one pair of 
wings, which are membranous and naked, with compara- 
tively few nervures. The hind wings are replaced by 
Insects—continued. 
very small stalked knobs (halteres or poisers). The 
mouth varies, being in some suited for sucking, in others 
for biting; in many, the jaws are fitted to pierce the 
skin of animals, and thereafter to form suckers for draw- 
ing out the blood. The metamorphosis is complete. The 
Fig. 311. ONION FLY, LARVA, AND CHRYSALIS, magnified. 
(The lines alongside indicate the natural sizes.) 
larve are maggots or footless grubs (see Fig. 311). They 
vary exceedingly in mode of life, many of them living 
in the interior of roots, stems, or leaves of plants; others 
form galls on plants; others feed on decaying matters ; 
while yet others live as parasites in the bodies of animals, 
especially in Insects. Others (Syrphide), as larve, feed 
on the Aphides, and aid in reducing their numbers. The 
FIG. 312. CRANE FLY, 
iarve of the Crane Flies (see Fig. 312) are but too well 
known to farmers under the names of Grubs and Leather 
Jackets. The Gnats live in water during their larval con- 
dition; the pupæ are very generally oval brown bodies. 
The Diptera are seldom of large size. See also Crane 
Fly, Onion Fly, and Syrphus. 
Fic. 313. BEAN APHIS. - 
a, Female (magnitied) ; b, Male (natural size and magnified). 
Hemiptera have the mouth in the form of a beak, 
turned down so as to lie against the breast when not in 
use, but capable of being driven into their food when 
desired. This beak usually consists of a sheath, in which 
lie four bristle-like pieces, the whole serving for a sucker 
to draw in the juices on which they feed. The meta- 
morphosis is incomplete, except in the male Scale insects. 
The wings are different in the two great sub-orders, and 
a great many of the Insects have no trace of wings. 
The sub-orders are: 
Heteroptera, or Plant Bugs. The hind wings of these are 
