190 
THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, 
Inula—continued. 
naturalising in the wild garden. 
divisions, or by seeds. 
I. glandulosa (glandular).* /l.-heads yellow ; scales of involucre 
lanceolate, villous. July and August. Z. sessile, oblong, ob- 
soletely serrated; the serratures glandular, Stem hairy, one- 
headed. h. 2ft. Caucasus, 1804. See Fig. 316. (B. M. 1907; 
B. R. 334.) 
I. Helenium (Helenium), Elecampane. M. hedds bright yellow, 
large, solitary, terminal. Summer. ovate, serrate, rugose, 
stem-clasping, downy beneath; root ones stalked. Stem furrowed, 
branched and downy above. h. 3ft. to 4ft. Europe (Britain), 
Siberia. A strong-growing perennial. Formerly used as an 
aromatic and tonic; the rootstock is still used in a candied state. 
- See Fig. 317. (B. M. PL 150.) 
I. Hookeri (Hooker’s).* /l.-heads faintly sweet-scented, 2kin. 
to Shin. in diameter, shortly peduncled, terminating leafy 
branches; involucre broad, shaggy; ray-florets numerous, with 
‘slender pale yellow liguies, which are lin. or more long, 
obtusely three-toothed at apex; disk-florets numerous; recep- 
tacle convex, papillose; pappus hairs dirty-white, September: 
Increased readily by 
above, tomentose beneath. Stems sparingly branched, h. lft. 
to 2ft. Sikkim Himalayas, 1849. (B. M. 6411.) 
I. Oculus Christi (Christs eye).  f.-heads bright golden- 
ellow, about 3}in. across; involucre very downy. Summer. 
—J broadly lanceolate, obtuse, almost entire, or slightly toothed, 
rather downy. h. lift. to 2ft. Eastern Europe, &c., 1759. 
very ornamental perennial, with a neat habit. (J. F. A. 223.) 
INVOLUCEL. A small involucre. 
INVOLUCRARIA. Now included under Tricho- 
santhes (which see). 
INVOLUCRATE. Having an involucre. _ 
INVOLUCRE, INVOLUCRUM. A ring or rings 
of bracts which surround several flowers. The term is 
also used’ as synonymous with the Indusium of ferns. 
INVOLUTE. Rolled inwards. 
IOCHROMA (from ion, violet, and chroma, colour; 
colour of flowers). Syn. Chenesthes. ORD. Solanacee. 
A genus containing abont fifteen species of greenhouse 
trees or shrubs, inhabiting Western tropical America. 
Flowers violet, blue, white, yellowish, or scarlet; calyx 
tubular, somewhat distended; corolla tubular, much 
longer than the calyx, and concealing the stamens. 
Leaves entire, often ample, membranaceous. For culture, 
a S (Fuchsia-like).* fl. drooping, large, handsome ; 
corolla orange-scarlet, thrice as long as the cal tube elongated, 
nearly straight; peduncles shorter than the leaves, single- 
flowered. Summer.. /. often fascicled, — inclining to oval 
or oblong, very obtuse, entire, tapering at into a short foot- 
stalk. A. 5ft. Quitinian Andes, 1843, A glabrous unarmed 
shrub. (B. M. 4149, under name of Lycium fuchsioides.) 
grandiflorum (large-fiowered). jl. rich urple, large ; cymes 
simple, pedunculate, terminal, many-flowered, pendulous ; po ania 
funnel-shaped ; tube long, pubescent; throat sub-campanulate ; 
limb large, tive-lobed ; lobes triangular, recurved. November. 1. 
broadly-ovate, acuminate, pubescent above, very pale and sub- 
tomentose beneath. Branches terete, pubescent. Ecuador and 
Peru; previous to 1860. A very handsome shrub, (B. M. 5301.) 
I. lanceolata (lanceolate).* f. drooping, in supra-axillary ter- 
minal umbels; calyx unequally five-toothed ; corolla rich deep 
-~ purplish-blue, 2in. long, cylindrical, glabrous, dilated at the 
- mouth into a short, five-toothed, spreading limb ; pedicels fili- 
form, pendent; stamens and style scarcely exserted. Summer. l. 
alternate, — large, — or cape gS ger — 
~ acute, entire, tapering w into a lon tiole, glabrous wi 
— to 5ft. Andes of Chili, 1847, A beautiful shrub. 
er name of Chænestes | lata.) 
I. tubulosa (t lowered). J, corolla blue, showy, tubular, 
with five short - August.” l ovate, three or four times 
shorter than the. 
h. 5ft. Tropical America, 1843. (B. R. 
ger than 
‘lin. broad, linear, obtuse, narrowed into a deeply 
base, but hardly oled. Pseudo-bulbs dark — 
. long, ovoid, smooth, h. Sin, Upper Assam, 1877. 
l. bright green, Sin. to 4in. long, sessile, or narrowed into short 
potatos oblong-1 late, acuminate, minutely toothed, hairy * 
. 
IONIDIUM (from Ion, a Violet, and eidos, 
sembling; in allusion to the Violet-like flowers). Syn. 
Solea. ORD. Violariee. A genus comprising forty species 
of herbs or sub-shrubs, natives, for the » most part, 
of sub-tropical America. Flowers solitary, having the 
small unequal sepals running into the peduncle at base; 
petals unequal, lower ones two or three times longer 
than the rest, carinately-concave. Leaves alternate, or 
rarely opposite. The roots of several of the species are 
of economic value, being used as substitutes for Ipeca- 
cuanha. Jonidiums are rarely seen in cultivation. The 
species described below require greenhouse treatment, 
and a peat and loam compost. Cuttings of the shrubby 
sorts will root in sand, under a bell glass. The herba- 
ceous species may be increased by divisions, or by seeds. 
——— — E arie ercan Mera 
shrubby, erect. kh. 6in. to 12in. Cape of Good Hope, 1824. 
I, Ipecacuanha (Ipecacuanha). fl. white; peduncles axillary, 
solitary, drooping; lower lip very large, emarginate. July. 
l. ovate-oblong. h. lift. South America, 1822, The roots of this 
species furnish what is termed White Ipecacuanha. 
Ee ——— (Polygala-leaved). jl. greenish-yellow or 
white; sepals ovate-oblong, acute, pubescent, Summer. l. oppo- 
site, lanceolate, rather entire. Stems shrubby, branched, diffuse, 
procumbent. A. 1ft. South America, 1797. 
IONOPSIDIUM (from Jon, a Violet, and opsis, appear- 
ance; alluding to the resemblance to some of the tufted 
dwarf-growing Violets). ORD. Crucifere. A genus com- 
prising two species of small hardy annual herbs, one from 
Portugal, and the other a native of Sicily and Algeria. 
Flowers violet, white, or flesh-coloured, small, on long 
peduncles ; sepals spreading, equal at the base; pouch 
broadly oblong, laterally compressed. Leaves sessile or 
petiolate, spathulate or orbiculate, entire or three-lobed. 
I. acaule, the species introduced to cultivation, has an 
extremely neat habit, and rarely exceeds 2in. in height. 
It thrives on rockwork, and makes an extremely pretty 
pot plant for window gardening. Seeds may be sown 
in the open—preferably in pots—any time during spring 
and summer, This plant should have at all times a 
shady situation. It often reproduces itself year after 
year, by self-sowing. Mae 
I. acaule (stemless).* fl. lilac, or white ti ith vi mmer 
and nh h. din. Fo Zin, Portugal. 13 ‘DE i, a) 
IONOPSIS (from Ion, a Violet, and opsis, like ; flowers 
resemble a Violet in form). Syns. Oybelion and Iantha. 
ORD. Orchidew. A genus of very pretty little epiphytal 
stemless orchids, requiring a stove temperature, natives 
of the West Indies and tropical America from Mexico 
to Brazil. About ten species have been described, but 
it is doubtful whether more than two or three are really 
distinct. Flowers small, panicled; sepals and petals 
connivent; lip large, fan-shaped, two-lobed at the apex. 
Leaves few, lanceolate. Pseudo-bulbs small. The only 
Species much seen in cultivation is I. paniculata. It is | 
a very difficult plant to grow, and is rarely brought to 
perfection. It succeeds best on a block, with a little 
live sphagnum around the roots, which require to be kept 
moist nearly all the year round. Similar treatment will 
answer for the other species. — — 
I. paniculata (panicled). A. snow-white or 
re- 
lip 
scentless; scape panicled, 1#ft. high; obtuse; lip. pu- 
cent; lip rotundate, bilobed, much longer than the sepals. 
l. linear lanceolate, keeled. Brazil, 1865, (B Moi) 
—— A synonym of I. utricularioides, 
es (Utricularia-like). jl. white, with a pir 
at the base of the * n petals * 
Thie peg ee ——— — als. 
— Eit polea. ae MIN re poa. 
IOSTEPHANE (from ion, violet, and stephane, a 
wreath ; in allusion to the violet rays). ORD. Composite. 
A genus consisting of only two species óf scabrous- 
pubescent herbs, natives of Mexico. JI. heterophylla is 
a very handsome hardy perennial, thriving in any sandy 
soil. An inverted pot should be placed over the large 
