AN ENCYCLOPADIA 
OF HORTICULTURE. "233 
Landscape Gardening—continued. 
contrast, the preponderance of one sort of tree and the 
absence of others, the proportion of deciduous and evergreen 
subjects, any obstructions that may be seen to hide fine 
specimen trees, avenues, or other permanent objects it 
is desired should be fully exhibited, may each and all be 
more readily seen when the leaves are fully expanded. 
Any defects noticed in this way may be committed to 
memory or paper, with a view to effecting a remedy, at 
the proper season, by cutting away, or by replenishing 
in places where deficiencies occur. Planting should 
further be conducted so as to prove effective, more or 
less, at all seasons; the introduction of trees for 
spring flowering receiving due attention, also others 
for autumn foliage, and a distribution of conifers or 
evergreen subjects, so as to avoid a patchy appearance 
in winter, resulting from the arrangement of the 
deciduous and evergreen kinds in too much of an alter- 
nate order. Spring-flowering trees and shrubs present a 
much finer appearance in Landscape when there is a good 
background; and, as few of them exceed a height of 
20ft., such positions may generally be secured. The fol- 
. — u — l Gods. 
lowing, named in their 1 order of flowering, are 
amongst the most noteworthy and conspicuous: Almonds, 
Prunus divaricata, P. Myrobalana, Amelanchiers, Pyrus 
baccata, P. floribunda, P. spectabilis, Cerasus serrulata, 
Magnolia conspicua, and its variety Soulangeana, Ber- 
berries, Lilacs, Laburnums, Hawthorns, Rhododendrons, 
and hardy Azaleas. Trees having divided leaves should 
be placed in prominent positions, as they are specially 
ornamental in summer; examples are Ailantus, Black 
Walnut, and Robinia. Those with white, yellow, or 
dark-coloured foliage are very telling from a distance, 
when judiciously placed, notably White Poplar, Golden 
Oak, and Purple Beech, amongst- others. Of trees 
specially noteworthy on account of the colours assumed 
by their leaves in autumn, the scarlet Oak and 
Liquidambar may be mentioned. These are very fine in 
contrast with others having yellow or brown foliage, such 
as the Elm, Beech, Plane, Lime, and Hornbeam. ‘The 
Lime and Horse Chestnut are, perhaps, two of the best 
trees for isolated clumps, their natural symmetrical habit 
causing the lower branches eventually to touch the 
ground, if protected from cattle, and left unpruned. 
Planting for immediate effect can rarely be practised to 
any great extent, on-account of labour ‘and expense; 
consequently, the future appearance and results of Land- 
scape Gardening depend on the judgment exercised in 
the first instance, by disposing-of the space and material 
at command to the best advantage. In a comparatively 
small space, the grouping of trees and shrubs, and the 
provision of a piece of open lawn in front, is specially | 
recommended, so far as circumstances admit, in pre- 
ference to a promiscuous arrangement of the former in 
all directions, and the cutting-up of the grass in conse- 
quence. 
An important feature in the production of Landscape 
effect, wherever it can be obtained, is a broad stream or 
lake of ornamental water. In many places, where there are 
an extensive park and pleasure grounds, a running stream 
is already present, or, by diverting its course, such a valu- 
able addition to the surroundings may be obtained from a 
neighbouring source. The course of the stream should be 
rendered irregular in width and outline, so as to present 
as natural an appearance as possible. An island, or a 
piece of land projecting from the edge into the water, 
judiciously planted with trees, near the points where the 
stream appears and disappears, will greatly heighten the 
effect produced. Water Lilies, and other aquatic plants, 
may be introduced to the shallow parts near the margin ; 
and Alders, Willows, and Birch are specially adapted for 
planting on islands, or anywhere by the side of water. 
The foregoing must only be taken as general remarks 
on anda: F connection with Landscape : peculiarities 
Vol. II. 
i see). 
Landscape Gardening—continued. ~ 
which abound in almost every case can only be dealt 
with individually. See also : 
A synonym of Lasiospermum (which 
see). 
: LANKESTERIA (named after Dr. E. Lankester, a dis- 
tinguished British botanist). Orp. Acanthacee. A small 
genus (three species have been described) of tall stove ever- 
green herbs. Flowers yellow or red, sessile in the axils of 
the bracts, solitary or fasciculate, densely spicate; bracts 
ovate or lanceolate, often imbricate. Leaves entire. For 
culture, see Eranthemum. 
L. Barteri (Barter’s). jl. primrose, orange-eyed, salver-sha' * 
in terminal, simple or pound s — i —— 
acuminate. West Africa. Stove. (B. M. 5533.) 
L. hispida (hispid). fl. yellow; spikes short, axillary, and 
terminal ; fh my — to = ei L oae 
acuminated, undulated, hairy. Branches villous. h. lft. Sierra 
Leone. Syns. L. longiflora, L. parviflora. (B. R. 1846, 12, under 
name of Eranthemum hispidum.) 
: kL longiflora (long-flowered), A synonym of L. hispida, 
_ L. parvifiora (small-flowered). A synonym of L. hispida. 
LANSBERGIA. A synonym of Trimezia (which 
LANTANA (an old Italian name for the Wayfaring- 
tree). ORD. Verbenacew. A rather large genus (about 
fifty species have been enumerated) of stove evergreen 
shrubs or herbs, for the most part natives of the warmer 
regions of the New World, a few African and Asiatic. 
Flowers red, golden, white, or various-coloured, in pe- 
dunculate axillary heads; corolla tube slender, with a 
spreading five-lobed limb. Leaves opposite, dentate, often 
rugose. The large number of hybrid forms (one is re- ` 
Fie. 374, HYBRID LANTANA, showing Inflorescence and detached 
in Fig. 374) now in cultivation are extensively 
— for — —— decoration and for bedding- 
out purposes. They are of comparatively easy culture, 
and produce an abundance of flowers for six or seven 
‘months out of the year, many of which are very pretty, _ 
but not by any means agreeably scented. Lantanas © 
thrive best in a compost of two parts of good loam, 
and one part of leaf mould or decayed manure. 
uire potting moderately firm. 
* pi or ge ay CA by cuttings, which should 
be placed in small pots, and wintered in an ordinary 
. In March, they sliould be shifted into 
3in. pots, and, when the side shoots are large enough, 
stopped back, the points being struck in a gentle rasan 
heat. If it is desired to have large plants, those stopp 
back should be repotted into 6in. pots. Plenty of water 
will be necessary while they are growing freely. Young 
plants grow and flower well outside in summer; old 
ones, cut back and repotted, are best suited for cultura — r ee 
2H 
