262 
THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, 
. 
Lichens— continued. 
consist of slender branches, and are attached by one 
point only; (4) Gelatinous, so called from the nature of 
their substance when moist. Lichens are reproduced by 
spores, borne, generally, eight together, in club-shaped 
filaments (asci), which are found in large numbers, 
together with hairs (paraphyses), in external receptacles. 
In addition to these, other receptacles are formed, 
called spermagonia, which contain filaments (sterigmata), 
bearing short rod-like bodies (spermatia). Similar cavi- 
ties bear larger spore-like bodies, called pyenidia, whose 
precise nature, as well as that of the spermatia, is not 
known, A second method of reproduction is by soredia, 
which consists of one or more gonidia, surrounded by 
hyphe. The whole, or only a part, of the Lichen thallus 
can thus be converted into a powdery mass. The exact 
relation of the hyphe to the gonidia is still disputed. 
Some writers assert that the gonidia are produced by 
the hyphe; others (of whom Schwendener was the 
leader) say that the gonidia are Alge, upon which fungi ` 
(the hyphæ) are growing parasitically. This differs from 
parasitism in general, inasmuch as the host is not de- 
stroyed, but seems to profit by the union. Many Lichens 
furnish excellent dyes, e.g., Roccella tinctoria, from which 
litmus is obtained. Cladonia rangiferina supplies the 
reindeer with food. Lichens are, in some cases, useful as 
food or medicine—e.g., Iceland Moss (Catraria islandica), 
—but their principal value consists in their properties 
as dyes. Lecanora esculenta is frequently met with in 
immense quantities in the most arid, desert regions of Asia 
and North Africa; it occurs in rounded masses about the 
size of a filbert, and is largely used as food. It possesses, 
too, a peculiar interest, on account of its being supposed, 
by some commentators, to be the “ manna which fed the 
children of Israel during their wanderings in the wilderness. 
“ Lichens are not parasitic; but when they clothe trees 
they impede the circulation of air, and hasten decay. 
They further intercept light when enveloping young 
shoots, and interfere with the development of cambium 
and the evolution of the foliage” (Hooker). 
LICHTEN A synonym of Ornitho- 
glossum (which see). 
LICUALA (from its native name in the Moluccas). 
Syn. Pericycla. ORD. Palmew. A genus comprising 
about thirty species of dwarf stove palms, natives of 
Eastern tropical Asia the Malayan Archipelago, New 
Guinea, and Northern Australia. Flower-spikes branch- 
ing, with numerous incomplete spathes. Leaves terminal, 
fan-shaped, with prickly stalks, the prickles being conical, 
or often hooked. The species thrive in a compost of 
two parts peat and one of sandy loam. A strong, moist 
heat is most essential to success. Propagated by seeds, 
gown in a sandy soil, and placed in a strong, moist, 
bottom heat. 
L. acutifida (sharply-divided). This ies yi the ing- 
sticks known by the name of Penang eee ie a e; 
Pulo Penang, where it grows toa height of about 5ft., its stems 
: — Taron lin, in diameter, except a 
1 bly thicker. ; 
elegans (elegant).* l. fan-shaped, split down to the petiole ; 
8 Doe præmorse at the ends, about Lift. ea: lat 
: green; petiole 2ft. to 3ft. long. Sumatra. 
grandis (great).* fl. zin. long; spadices several, rising f: 
among the leaves, and near] gs bong oa they are ; — xt base 
of or more, 2in. to Jin. long, lanceolate, acute, 
brown, striated. February. l. about twenty in the crown, deep 
ee amn; petiole 24tt. to 3ft. long, slender, spiny ; blade 3ft. 
in „about 2ft. long, orbicular or semi-orbi concave, 
closely cope waty ; margins cleft into bifid lobes, 
sn Dre A obes very obtuse. Trunk 34ft. to 
2 M. 6704) 
horrida (horrid). l. dark n, fan-shaped, | 
stout, armed at the edges with very st 
5 anda 
long ; lobules of the 
in circumference. h. 6ft. New Britain. 
petioles 
2 E Archipelago. handsome species, resembling 
L. tate). fl. obovate. l digits | 
a ob . digitately fan-shaped, 
peltate ; 2 long, cuneated, many-nerved, middle pel 
the base, where they are 
arge, ited; 
t, formidable | 
Licuala—continued. 
broadest, sharply bifid and toothed ; petioles prick] 
h. 15ft. India. 
L. Rumphii (Rumph’s). l. palmate ; segments line 
t te at end. iny. ar, toothed, 
3 2 .be Stem spiny. A. 6ft. Moluccas, Borneo, 1802. 
L. spinosa (spiny). A synonym of L. Rumphii. 
LIEBIGIA. Now included under Chirita. 
LIETZIA (named after A. Lietze, a n 
Rio Janeiro). ORD. Gesneracee. A . 2 E 
handsome stove tuberous-rooted plant. Corolla, it in 
campanulate, widely gaping; upper lip erect, lo ee 
somewhat uneven and obscurely lobed. The 8 We. 
quires a well-drained compost of light fibrous E 
mould, and sand. Propagated by seeds, „ 
spring, in heat; by cuttings, inserted in 
glass, in bottom heat; or by tubers, 
dry in winter, and potted in March. 
on margins, 
sown in early 
hi Sand, under a 
which must be kept 
FIG. 406. LIETZIA BRASILIENSIS, showi i 8 
(reduced), Flo zapsule, iin danad detach 
(reduced). Flower, and Capsule, with its permiiene teat 
brasiliensis (Brazilian i ; 
gee — auch exsertd;Facemen — | 3 with 
h. lit. to 1 ft. Brazil, 1580. Ses Fig. db. k. ß ac) mein 
LIEVENA. A synonym of Quesnelia (which see) 
Be pone tsb mr In nearly all the methods of buddi 3 
rah 1 — a Ligature, or bandage, is necessary f . n 
iha a firmly on the stock, and rigger ou 8 
the Separated tissues from the action of the atmospliere, 
8 5 would soon have an injuri here, 
deal on ra me, and its strength, 3 1 
Seat Ge het 1 haa to bind. When eee e ee, 
: Ley y grafted on a system 5 
Liga must be strong splitting, the 
the bark only is : J; but when 
parts slightly 
stocks, either for budogllen thread 
5 h 
gt haa as prepared for „ 
be dipped in water, and then divided out; but 
Godin Bun ee should be twisted before 
maa as well for a 
: : ALi 
applied with both hands 
graft or bud is inserted, It 1800 2S 
possible after the 15 oon 
should be 
