AN ENCYCLOPADIA 
OF HORTICULTURE. 385 
Mormodes - continued. 
M. p. unicolor (whole- coloured). fl, deep lemon. yellow, in many- 
flowered racemes ; sepals and petals ovate, acuminate, concave ; 
lip cuneate, with three acuminated lobes, the two lateral ones 
smaller and reflexed; scape Ift. and more long. September. 
l. lanceolate, membranous, strongly striated. (B. M. 3879.) 
M. uncia (uncial). l. whitish externally, 24in. in diameter; inner 
surface of perianth pale yellow, covered with dark red ts; 
base of lip dark purple, the inner surface yellow, with red 
streaks ; column green inside, curved ; raceme large, pendulous, 
many-flowered ; powerfully aromatic. June. l. narrow-lanceolate, 
lft. to 1}ft. long. Pseudo-bulbs somewhat two-edged. Mexico, 
1869. (B. M. 5802, under name of M. Greenii.) 
M. Williamsii (Williams’). fl. creamy-white, sweet-scented ; 
spikes twelve to fifteen-flowered. Mexico. A handsome 
species. 
MORNA. Included, by the authors of the Genera 
Plantarum, under Waitzia (which see). 
MORNING GLORY. A common name for the 
genus Ipomea. 
MORONOBEA (from Moronobo or Coronobo, the 
Caribbean name of M. coccinea). ORD. Guttifere. A 
genus comprising but one (or perhaps two) species. M. 
- coccinea is a tall tree, with the habit of Platonia. It 
requires a compost of sandy loam and moderately rough 
leaf mould. Propagated by cuttings of the ripened shoots, 
inserted, with the leaves intact, in sand, under a bell glass, 
in heat. 
juice issues from incisions in the trunk, which 
that, in 
Jamaica, hogs, when injured, rub themselves against the tree, in 
order to become smeared with the juice—hence the common 
name. 
MORPHIXIA. Included under Ixia (which see). 
MORUS (the old Latin name for the Mulberry). 
Mulberry. ORD. Urticaceew. Some ten or twelve species 
have been referred, by various authors, to this genus; 
these may probably be reduced to about five. They are 
milky-juiced, mostly hardy deciduous trees or shrubs, 
extending over the temperate regions of the Northern 
hemisphere, and also found on tropical mountains. 
Flowers greenish-white, inconspicuous, unisexual, borne 
in separate, axillary, catkin-like spikes. Fruit oblong, 
juicy, composed of numerous egg-shaped, compressed 
achenes covered by the enlarged succulent calyces. Leaves 
alternate, toothed, entire or three-lobed, three-nerved at 
base; stipules lateral, small, caducous. M. alba and 
M. rubra grow well in almost any rather dry soil, the 
latter being the hardier of the two. Propagated freely by 
cuttings, which may be inserted in a shady border in 
spring or autumn. The species here given are those 
best known to cultivation, and are all hardy. For cultiva- 
tion of M. nigra, see Mulberry. 
alba (whi ite Mulberry. greenish-white. May. 
5 white pec Dro . — in September; inferior to the Black 
in flavour, being less brisk and sharp. l. with a deep scallop 
at the base, and either cordate or ovate, undivided or lobed, ser- 
rated with unequal teeth, glossy; basal sinus equal. E. 20ft. to 
S0ft. Asia, 15 „ in many countries). There are a 
great many varieties of this ies, those grown in Lombardy and 
other parts of Italy bei e most esteemed. In Europe, the 
White Mulb is r cultivated for its leaves, which 
are used for feed ing silkworms. ee 
M. lack). Common Black Mulberry. fl. greenish- white. 
cae Shion „red or black; ripe in August. 7. cordate. 
bluntish, or sli tip lobed with about five lobes, unequally 
toothed, rough. F. 20ft. to 30ft. Orient, 1548. This species 
is cultivated on account of its on again gp and. 3 
it; and also for the leaves, which are Š 
worms. (B. M. PL 229; W.D. B. ii.159.) See also Mulberry. 
M. rubra greenish-yellow. July. fr. red, long, pleasant 
to the fener vee in ‘September. l. cordate-ovate, acuminate, 
three-lobed or palmate, serrated with equal teeth, rough, some- 
what villous ; under surface very tomentose and soft. 40ft. to 
70ft. Northern United States, 1629. 
MOSCHARIA (from Moschos, Musk; alluding to 
its fragrance). Syns. Gastrocarpha, Mosigia. ORD. Com- 
posite. A monotypic genus, similar in habit to Sonchus, 
Vol. II. 
Moscharia continued. 
with the involucre of five or six spreading leafy bracts, 
and the pappus consisting of very short lanceolate, ciliate, 
chaffy scales. The species is an erect, hardy annual, 
of easy culture in ordinary soil. Seeds should be sown 
in April, in a gentle heat, and the plants transferred 
to the open borders in May or June. 
M. pinnatifida (p N- heads white, in loose panicles 
innatifid). 
at the apices of the branches, shortly unculate; involucre 
J. alternate, pin- 
sub-globose ; receptacle small, convex. July. 
natitid. h. Ein. Chili, 1823. (B. R. 1564; S B. F. G. 229, under 
name of Gastrocarpha runcinata.) 
MOSIGIA. A synonym of Moscharia (which see). 
MOSSES (Musci). These are well-known to every- 
one, at least as regards their general appearance. They 
possess distinct leaves and stems, the latter bearing 
below root-hairs, which act as roots for their benefit. 
All parts of the plants are made up of cells, without 
vessels among them; but some cells are long, and form 
a kind of central thread in the stem, and also a mid- 
rib in each leaf. Mosses vary in size from a little over 
sin. (Buebawmia) to several feet in length of stem (Fon- 
tinalis), but usually range between zin. and an inch or 
two high. The leaves are always small, and are usually 
numerous. If the life history of any Moss be traced 
out, it will be found to be nearly as follows, if we com- 
mence with one of the minute one-celled spores, The 
spore pushes out a fine filament, which branches, and 
forms buds here and there on the branches; each bud 
grows larger,and forms a plant with stem and leaves, 
On this plant, at certain periods, grow parts that corre- 
spond in use to the young seeds (ovules) and the pollen 
of flowering plants. From their union, there results the 
so-called fruit of the Moss, or the capsule, usuall 
supported on a stalk. The capsule, with its stalk, 
really a new plant, imbedded by the base in the 
plant, and nourished by absorbing sap from it. The 
capsule has usually a rod of tissue running up its 
centre, with a space all round between this and the 
sides, and in this space are formed the spores. When 
the spores are ripe, they are set free, either by slits 
formed in the sides of the capsule, or, more often, by 
a lid (operculum) falling off. Below this lid, there is 
usually a row (at times two rows) of membranons 
teeth, always in multiples of four, forming, the peristome. 
In the classification of Mosses, considerable stress is laid 
on the nature of the peristome, and of its teeth. 
Uses. The direct uses of Mosses to mankind are 
very few. In gardening operations “Moss” is large 
used to maintain moisture around plants in pots, &. 
or epiphytes, such as many tropical Orchids. This 
is a Sphagnum, or Bog Moss, a genus of which numerous 
species and varieties occur in Britain. Its peculiar 
power of absorbing moisture is due to many of the 
outer cells having openings into them, so as to it 
free ingress and egress of the water, which is suck 
up by the Moss, just as in a sponge. Sphagnum is also 
an excellent material for packing fragile articles which 
it is necessary to send, by train or by other means, toa 
distance. The various kinds of Sphagnum love low, 
swampy ground; they aid much in the formation of peat. 
Other uses of Mosses are but few and unimportant. 
Brushes are at times made of the stems of Hair Moss 
(Polytrichum). 
Injuries. Direct injuries to man from Mosses are even 
fewer than direct benefits; but harm in gardens may 
result from Moss on trees, and on gravel walks, or on 
the soil of gardens, lawns, Ke. Moss on gravel walks 
generally indicates damp sub-soil; good drainage is there- 
fore essential for its prevention. If it appears, it may 
be kept within bounds by loosening the surface. Watering 
with a solution of copper sulphate (blue vitriol), or of 
corrosive sublimate, is useful if the walk is not of large 
extent. Moss on garden soil, and on lawns, is very hurt- 
ful in crushing out the plants that are of use, or are 
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