32 SCIENCE PROGRESS 



least, is called intelligence. [The examples have been taken 

 from Protozoa, Corals, and the lowest Worms.] If the same 

 method of regulation is found in other fields, there is no reason 

 for refusing to compare the action to intelligence. Comparison 

 of the regulatory processes that are shown in internal physio- 

 logical changes and in regeneration to intelligence seems to 

 be looked upon sometimes as heretical and unscientific. Yet 

 intelligence is a name applied to processes that actually exist in 

 the regulation of movements, and there is, a priori, no reason 

 why similar processes should not occur in regulation in other 

 fields. When we analyse regulation objectively there seems 

 indeed reason to think that the processes are of the same 

 character in behaviour as elsewhere. If the term intelligence 

 be reserved for the subjective accompaniments of such regula- 

 tion, then of course we have no direct knowledge of its existence 

 in any of the fields of regulation outside of the self, and in the 

 self perhaps only in behaviour. But in a purely objective con- 

 sideration there seems no reason to suppose that regulation in 

 behaviour (intelligence) is of a fundamentally different character 

 from regulation elsewhere " [Method of Regulation, p. 492). 



Jennings makes no mention of questions of the theory of 

 heredity: he has made some experiments on the transmission 

 of an acquired character in Protozoa, but it was a mutilation 

 character, which is, as has been often shown,^ not to the point. 



One of the most obvious criticisms of Hering's exposition 

 is based upon the extended use he makes of the word 

 "Memory"; this he had seen and deprecated. 



" We have a perfect right," he says, " to extend our concep- 

 tion of memory so as to make it embrace involuntary [and also 

 unconscious] reproductions of sensations, ideas, perceptions, 

 and efforts ; but we find, on having done so, that we have so 

 far enlarged her boundaries that she proves to be an ultimate 

 and original power, the source and, at the same time, the unifying 

 bond of our whole conscious life " {Unconscious Memory, p. 106). 



This sentence, coupled with Hering's omission to give to the 

 concept of memory so enlarged a new name, clear alike of 

 the limitations and of the stains of habitual use, may well 

 have been the inspiration of the next work on our list. 



' See " The Hereditary Transmission of Acquired Characters " in Contem- 

 porary Review, September and November 1908, in which references are given 

 to earlier statements. 



