308 



THE PAXOKPOID COMPLEX, 1. 



humeral lobe is greatly enlarged, and is supported by a series of 

 recently funned ribs or cross-veins. 



The Papiliunina furni another natural grouj), wliose origin 

 appears to be nuich in douljt. Meyrick and Hainpson consider 

 them to be derived from the Thyrldidiu. The Ilf^jjcriidai^ ho\\ - 

 ever, grade so closely into the Castniidai in Australia, ^Yhere 

 forms like Eusckumou are of Hesperiid structure in all but the 

 possession of the frenulum, that it is ditlicult to cast aside the 

 belief, held by the opposite school of Lepidopterists, that the 

 Co^fitluhe closely approximate to the ancestral form from which 

 the higher ButterHies, through the I/esjM'riid(e, ha\e been derived. 



C. The Family Castmid.e. 

 j\[uch light can be thrown upon the evolution of the two types 

 of frenulum, in the male and female of Heteroneura respectively, 

 as well as upon the origin of Amplexitorm types, by the study of 



Text -% 1(5. 

 \\'iH^-ci)upliU!4 appaialus of Sz/uemon hesperoults Feld., ,5 , vieAved from 

 beneath; ( X 14) : y'/-, frenulum; Fir, forewing; H>i\ liindwing; /•/, re- 

 tinaculum developed from radius (R); rf\ retinaculum developed from 

 cubitus iCn)', in 9 , this latter alone occurs. 



the family Castaiidtf.^ In this family, both the humeral lobe 

 and tlie frenular bristles may be seen well developed, in such a 

 genus as >Si/7iem(m (Text-fig. 16). In the males of this genus, the 



* For the supply of material for study in this famih% I am indeljted to 

 Mr. Geo. Lyell, F.E.8., of Gisborne, Vic. 



