312 l^Hli PAXOHfOtD COMPLEX, i., 



the true Jugate and Freriate types cannot possibly be deii\-ed, 

 because of the alteration of the direction of the frenular bristles, 

 and the turning-under of the jugal lobe. We must conclude, 

 therefore, that tlie Archetype of the Lepidoptera possessed a 

 primitive jugofrenate type of coupling-apparatus, of the form 

 found in the Planipennia; i.'\, with all parts present and normal, 

 except the jugal bristles, which were absent. 



General Conclusions. 



Reviewing the evidence afforded by all the Orders of the 

 Panorpoid Complex, we may legitimately arrive at the following 

 conclusions : — 



(1) The original coupling-apparatus was situated at the bases 

 of the wings, and was of a primitive jnyo-frenate type, in which 

 each wing developed a slight lobe towards the other, and these 

 lobes bore projecting bristles which came into contact, and so set 

 up a tactile connection between the two wings, to help in the 

 coordination of the act of Might. By increase in the size of the 

 lobes, or the length of the bristles, the connection became of a 

 more intimate kind, a certain amount of pressure being exerted 

 to keep the wings in position during flight. 



In this primitive type, there were originally four elements 

 represented, viz., the j/iy a/ lobe with its juyal bristleti on the foie- 

 wing, and the hnuural lobe with ita freyiulum on the hind. 



(2) The only Order which has retained this ancient type of 

 coupling-apparatus in its entirety is the Mecoptera; and, in this 

 Order, the apparatus is only fully functional in the two archaic 

 families Churisfiche and San ttochoriaf idee. 



(3) By loss of the jugal bristles, and by increase of the size 

 of the two lobes, there arose the modification of the jugo-frenate 

 type seen in the Planipennia. This also is only fully functional 

 in the older families, such as the Ilfnurobiida'. 



(4) By loss of the frenular bristles, reduction of the 

 humeral lobe, and increase in the size of the jugal lobe, there 

 arose the series of types seen in the Megaloptera, Trichoptera, 

 and the true J ugatc Lepidoptera {IL'jjLalldce and Frotothcoridoi). 



