AN ENCYCLOPADIA 
OF HORTICULTURE. 307 
CHAMPIGNON (Marasmius oreades). This has long 
been known as an esculent mushroom, and it is greatly 
esteemed throughout France. It is sometimes described 
in books as the Fairy-ring Mushroom, but several others 
have an equal claim to that title. It may be readily 
distinguished from the closely allied poisonous species, 
M. urens, with which it sometimes grows, in having the 
stem quite bare, and in its less crowded gills. See Fig. 418. 
CHANDELIER-TREE. See Pandanus can- 
delabrum. 
CHANNELLED. Hollowed out, like a gutter. 
CHANTARELLE (Cantharellus cibarius). This is 
one of the most distinct, best-known, and most generally 
appreciated of fungi. It is almost always a woodland 
= Species, growing either singly or in patches, and appear- 
ing from the latter end of August until the end of 
October or the beginning of November. The stem, which 
is short and thick, expands gradually into the pileus, 
which is smooth and funnel-shaped. The gills are thick ` 
and branched, and, owing to the shape of the pileus, seem 
to extend for some distance down the stem, having rather 
the appearance of folds (see Fig. 419). The Chantarelle is 
throughout of a deep rich yellow colour, and possesses a 
found in large quantities in various parts of Kent, Surre 
Buckinghamshire, Berkshire, Essex, and the санае 
counties. In France, the Chantarelle enjoys a general 
and well-deserved popularity. It is employed in fricassées, 
or cooked with butter, lard, and oil; vinegar, salt and 
onions being added at discretion. 1% is sometimes pre- 
served in vinegar, with pepper, salt, and garlic; or simply 
n in which case it is employed as a seasoning for 
CHAPTALIA (named after M. Chaptal, a celebrated 
French chemist, 1756-1831). Овр. Composite. А genus 
comprising about eighteen species, confined to the New 
World; perhaps the only one in cultivation being that 
mentioned below. It is an ornamental hardy herbaceous 
Chaptalia—continued. 
perennial, easily grown in a light sandy soil. Propagated 
by divisions of the roots, in early spring. 
C. tomentosa (tomentose)* /.-heads white; pappus capillary ; 
receptacle naked; ray-florets in a double row, deformed ; scape 
naked, one-headed; head nodding. May. l ovate-oblong, 
gary Silvery beneath. Л. 6in. North America, 1806. (B. M. 
CHARCOAL is the main solidifying element of organic 
nature, and is present in large quantities in all organised 
structures. It isa pure form of Carbon. The powers of 
Charcoal in absorbing effluvia and the greater number of 
gases and vapours is well known, and as a filter Charcoal 
Powder has long been used to deprive water of its numerous 
organic impurities. As a manure, Charcoal is of especial 
value. It may be mixed, either crushed or in lumps, with 
the soil of pot plants, in the proportion of one part Charcoal 
to sixteen parts of earth. Besides rendering the soil 
porous and facilitating drainage, Charcoal is one of the 
most indestructible substances known, and has the pro- 
perty of absorbing carbonic acid and other gases, yielding 
these up to plants as required for nourishment. It may 
be applied to the most delicate subject without danger. 
Pieces, the size of walnuts, should be put in Hyacinth 
glasses, in order to keep the water pure during the growth 
of the Hyacinth. It is often thought necessary 
to add some to water in which grapes are placed 
when cut, but water will keep good without it 
so long as the Vine shoot is inserted. The roots 
of orchids cling to Charcoal in many cases much 
better than to anything else. 
CHARIEIS (from charieis, elegant; allud- 
ing to the beauty of the flowers). Овр. Com- 
posite. An ornamental hardy annual, with a 
very compact habit of growth, and free-bloom- 
ing qualities. Involucre simple; leaflets keeled ; 
receptacle naked, convex. Seeds may be sown 
out of doors in ordinary soil, about the middle of 
April; or, if an early display is desired, they 
may be sown on a hotbed in March, and trans- 
planted out when large enough to handle. 
c. hetero vari - E - 
florets rer eg apg yellows RE sub 
eaded, glandular. June. l., lower ones o ite ; 
upper alternate, oblong. lanceolate. h. lft. Раве 
fi 
Africa, 1819. SYN. Kaulfussia amelloides. (В. R. 490.) ` 
CHARLOCK. See Sinapis arvensis. 
CHASCANUM (from chaino, or chaskaino, 
to gape; in allusion to the form of the calyx). 
ORD. Verbenaceæœ. All the plants formerly re- 
ferred here are now included under genus 
Bouchea. Bona 
CHAVICA. See Piper. Y r 
CHEESE RENNET. See Galium verum. 
CHEILANTHES (from cheilos, a lip, and 
anthos, a flower; in reference to the form of the 
indusium). ORD. Filices. The following names, 
formerly looked upon as representing distinct 
genera, are now merely regarded as sectional ones of the 
genus Cheilanthes—Adiantopsis, Aleuritopteris, апі Phy- 
sapteris. А large genus of hardy, greenhouse, and stove 
ferns. Sori terminal, or nearly 80, on the veins, at first 
small, sub-globose, afterwards more ог léss confluent, In- 
voluere formed from changed reflexed margin, roundish - 
апа distinot, or more or less confluent, but not quite - 
continuous, For general culture, see Ferns. ue 
C. argentea (silvery).* sti. densely tufted, Zin. to біп, long, wiry. 
fronds Zin. to an. boe 2in. broad, deltoid, bi- or tripinna: E 
ower pinnæ much the largest, cut down nearly to the rachis: 
lowest pinnules sometimes lin. long; lower surface thickly 
covered with white ceraceous powder. sori numerous, very 
Small, marginal. Siberia to India, &c. Greenhouse species. 
M (Bradbury's). A synonym of C. tomentosa. ; 
. са (Cape).* sti. t , Ain. to 6i A | 
^in. toin. iot АЙ to ed она, uL. Ter 
gu Ше largest; pinnules on the lower side larger than the 
