f 
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA 
OF HORTICULTURE. 367 
CONCRETE. A cement composed of pebbles, lime 
and sand. It is largely employed for walks and for the 
foundations of buildings. See also Walks. 
CONCRETE. Formed into one mass, or joined 
together. 
CONDOR VINE. See Gonolobus Cundurango. 
CONDUPLICATE. In vernation, folded face to face, 
CONE. The strobilus or scaly fruit of a Pine or Fir tree. 
CONE FLOWER. See Rudbeckia. 
CONE HEAD. see Strobilanthes. 
CONFLUENT. Gradually united. 
` CONIFERAE. A large order of trees or shrubs, mostly 
evergreen, and with resinous secretions. Flowers monc- 
cious or dicecious, naked, disposed either in cylindrical or 
short catkins, with closely-packed scales. The females 
are sometimes solitary. Ovules and seeds naked. Leaves 
alternate, opposite, or fascicled in a membranous sheath, 
often narrow, needle-like, or rigid, or reduced to dense im- 
bricating scales, rarely with a flattened limb. Bentham 
and Hooker divide this large family into six tribes, viz.: 
ABIETINEZ, containing Abies, Cedrus, Larix, Picea, Pinus, 
Pseudotsuga, and Tsuga ; ARAUCARIA, containing Agathis, 
Araucaria, and Cunninghamia ; CUPRESSINE®, containing 
Actinostrobus, Callitris, Cupressus, Fitzroya, Juniperus, 
Libocedrus, and Thuja; PODOCARPE®, containing Micro- 
cachrys, Podocarpus, and Sawegothea; TAXES, containing 
Dacrydium, Ginkgo, Pherosphera, Phyllocladus, Taxus, and 
Torreya; TAXODIEZ, containing Athrotazus, Cephalotazus 
Cryptomeria, Sequoia, and Taxodiwm. 
CONIUM (from konao, to whirl around; in reference 
to the giddiness caused by eating the leaves). Hemlock. 
ORD. Umbelliferm. Biennial poisonous herbs. Involucre 
of three to five leaves; involucels dimidiate. Leaves 
decompound. Stem terete, branched. Root fusiform. Not 
more than two or three species are known, of which one 
(C. cherophylloides) is South African and Abyssinian. The 
Common Hemlock (C. maculatwm) is widely spread over 
Europe, North Asia, and Siberia. It has long been used in 
medicine. 
CONJUGATE. When a leafstalk bears but a single 
pair of leaflets. 
CONNARACEZ. An order of trees or shrubs, 
closely allied to Leguminose, but having perfectly regular 
flowers. Flowers small, in axillary or terminal racemes or 
panicles. Leaves alternate, usually pinnate, stipulate. 
The best-known genus is Connarus. 
CONNARUS (from Konnaros, the name of an unknown 
tree, described at length by Athenwus). Syn. Omphalobiwm. 
ORD. Connaracee. A large genus of ornamental stove 
evergreen shrubs. Most of them are natives of tropical 
Asia and America. Flowers white, disposed in racemose 
panicles. Leaves alternate, leathery, impari-pinnate. A 
mixture of loam and peat will answer well for these plants. 
Cuttings of firm shoots, taken in April, will root, if planted 
in sand and placed in bottom heat, under a bell glass, 
C. pubescens — Л. white, sweet-scented, disposed in 
axillary and terminal panicles. 4, leaflets five, oval, acute, 
smooth above, covered beneath with rather white pubescence, 
h. 5ft. French Guiana, 1822. SYN. Robergia frutescens. 
Other species known to cultivation are : nitidus and paniculatus. 
Fig. 506. CONNATE LEAF. 
CONNATE. 
Un. Where the bases of opposite leaves are 
Joined together. 
See Fig. 506. 
| 
CONNIVENT. 
inward direction. 
CONOCARPUS (from konos, a cone, and karpos, a 
fruit; in reference to the scale-formed fruit being so 
closely imbricated in а head as to resemble a small Fir- 
cone)  Button-tree. ORD. Combretacem. The only species 
is а stove evergreen shrub. Heads of flowers peduneu- 
late; flowers crowded; petals absent. Leaves alternate, 
quite entire. This plant thrives in & mixture of loam 
and peat.  Cuttings of firm shoots, taken in April, will 
His in sand, if placed under a bell glass, in bottom 
eat. 
C. erectus (upright)* jl. white, in panicled heads. J. oblong- 
lanceolate, tapering ёо both ends, thickish, glabrous, or, when 
young, rather downy, biglandular at the base. А. 6ft. to 8ft. 
Tropical America, 1752. 
CONOSPERMUM (from konos, a cone, and sperma, 
a seed; the fruit or carpels growing close together, and 
forming a cone). ORD. Proteacem. Greenhouse evergreen 
shrubs, from extra-tropical (mostly Western) Australia, 
principally white-flowered. This genus does not appear 
to be much known in horticultural circles. Of more than 
thirty species known to science, eight or nine are reputed 
to have been introduced. 
CONOSTEGIA (from konos, a cone, and stege, a 
covering; in reference to the conical calyptriform calyx 
falling off in one piece). Orp. Melastomacee. Stove 
evergreen trees or small shrubs. Flowers in terminal 
panicles. Leaves petiolate, entire or denticulate, three 
to five-nerved. For culture, see Melastoma. ; 
"rn the аео пое: ath M - 
C. procera (tall . rosy or whi i -divided 
dnicles. n F аге е рд Ж y h. 25ft. 
amaica, 1825. | 1 
CONOSTEPHIUM (from konos, a cone, and stephos, 
a crown; referring to the disposition of the flowers). 
ORD. Epacridee. An ornamental greenhouse evergreen 
shrub. Flowers solitary, recurved, axillary. Fruit a hard 
indehiscent drupe, one-celled by abortion of the other four 
cells. Leaves scattered. It thrives in a compost of peat 
and sandy loam. Cuttings of young shoots, taken in 
April, will root in sand. J | 
c. dulum (hangi е 
West remm ging down) fl. red. April А. бів. to ie 
Converging; having & gradually 
CONRADIA. See Pentarhaphia. 
CONSERVATORY. This structuro is distinguished | 
from a greenhouse by having central beds, in w. per- 
manent plants are placed, in addition to those 
to form a continued floral display on the 
The term is also applied to small glass structu 
а few creepers are planted for covering the roof 
wall, and the remaining space occupied by десс 5 
foliage or flowering plants. The greatest en; oues 1а 
obtained from a Conservatory either joined to the mansion 
or connected with it by means of a suitable corridor. An 
opportunity is then afforded of visiting and admiring the 
flowers in any weather or at any season. This arrangement 
18 not always practicable with large glass houses, on 
account of the position of the mansion, or its style of 
architecture; consequently,the plan of having an isolated 
building has to be adopted. The latter is, as a rule, better 
suited to good cultivation, and gives greater facilities to 
the gardener for renewing and arranging the movable 
Plants. In the other case, only a very limited time can be 
allowed each morning for such work. Conservatories found 
in gardens of an early period, have, in many cases, been 
built to correspond, and produce with the mansion an archi- 
tectural effeot. 'This much they may do, but they are . 
wholly unsuited to good plant culture. _If the external 
architecture of a E ian cibis s with "d 
of another building, the important and primary point or 
ing suitable provision for the well-being of the plants 
