AN ENCYCLOPADIA | 
OF HORTICULTURE. 391 
CRAMBE (name deduced from the Greek). Sea-kale. 
ORD. Crucifere. Hardy herbaceous perennials. Flowers 
white, with a honey-like perfume; racemes elongated, many- 
flowered, disposed in lax panicles; pedicels filiform, erect, 
bractless. Leaves sometimes thick, sometimes membranous, 
hairy or smooth ; cauline ones alternate, stalked, pinnately 
toothed, cut, pinnatifid or lyrate. They are of easy growth 
in any good garden soil, and may be increased either by 
dividing the roots, or by seed. For special culture of С. 
maritima, see Sea-kale. 
fag white, disposed in leafless, 
eae apre e ertt s Daniels. а E ep am ege re 
, and are, j 
Ием, ЖЫН. North Caucasus. This is а hardy 
large-leaved herbaceous plant. 
juncea (rush-like whitish. May to June. J. lyrate, with 
с, gunos х аад со Каз lobe the largest; leafstalk and stem 
hispid from reflexed hairs. h. 2ft. Iberia, 1820 : 
C. tartarica (Tartarian). Л. 
ones decompound; leaflets 
adult ones smooth, as well as the stem. 
Sft. long. Л. 2%. to 3ft. Eastern Europe, 1789. 
CRANBERRY. See Oxycoccus palustris. 
CRANE FLY, or DADDY LONG LEGS (Tipula 
maculosa and T. oleracea). "These insects belong to a large 
family of the Diptera, or two-winged insects, called Tipu- 
lide, in which the proboscis is very short and imperfectly 
developed. The larvæ generally prefer wet soil, and are 
killed when deprived of moisture; while many are wholly 
aquatic. As an example of Crane Flies in general, one of 
the commonest and most destructive species, namely Tipula 
ч 
Fig. 539. CRANE FLY (TIPULA OLERACEA). 
oleracea (see Fig. 539), is here briefly described. This 
Insect is rather large, the male being nearly 3in. long, and 
liin. across the wings; while the female measures nearly 
lin, in length, and 2in. across the expanded wings. 'The 
colour 18 tawny, but the fly has the appearance of being 
covered with dust. The wings are smoke-coloured, and 
the wast longer than the body. The balancers, behind 
wings, ^ аге broad at the tip. The head is small, and 
Crane'Fly, or Daddy Long Legs—continued. 
bears a pair of hemispherical black eyes, and the short, 
slender, thirteen-jointed: antenns. The thorax is of a 
tawny hue, large, and oval, considerably higher than the 
head, long, and composed of three segments. The female 
is distinguished from the male in having the end of the 
body long and spindle-shaped, instead of clubbed, as in 
the male. The grubs of this fly are of a dark grey colour, and 
measure, when full grown, about 1llin. in length, and зіп. 
in diameter. They have no legs, but have a pair of powerful 
jaws, and the tail is tubercled. 'Their skin is exceedingly 
tough; hence, they are called * Leather Jackets." These 
grubs are very destructive to lawns, in sheltered, dry places, 
and also to Cabbages and other cruciferous plants. No 
perfect means of extermination has yet been. discovered, 
and the only two remedies of any service in materially re- 
ducing the quantity of either grubs or flies, are as follows: 
Traps. These consist of slices of potato, turnip, wurzel, 
or apple, affixed to sticks, and sunk a few inches under- 
ground. They must be pulled up every other day, and 
the grubs, which will be found firmly attached to them, 
removed and destroyed. 
Rolling. On lawns, so soon as the flies are visible, rolling 
with a heavy roller each evening will destroy very many. 
A top-dressing of guano has also been found of use. 
Fowls, starlings, and rooks will devour large numbers of 
the flies, and are therefore useful. It has usually been found — 
that the grubs were not affected by any preparation which 
did not, at the same time either injure or destroy the plants. 
CRANE’S BILL. See Geranium. ! 
CRASPEDARIA. See Polypodium. 
CRASSULA (diminutive of crassus, thick; alluding 
to the leaves and stems). Including Rochea, Septas (of 
Linnæus), and Turgosea. ORD. Crassulacee. A genus e. 
about 120 species of greenhouse fleshy shrubs or herbs, 
nearly all natives of the Cape of Good Hope, a few being 
Abyssinian and Hinialayan. Calyx five-parted; lobes erect 
or spreading, much shorter than the petals; petals five, 
erect or spreading, free or connate at the base; stamens 
five; filaments shorter than the petals; scales five, varying. 
in shape. Sometimes, though rarely, the parts of the 
flower, instead of being in fives, as described above, are 
in sixes and nines. Crassulas are very ornamental plants, - 
with a grotesque appearance. They thrive in a mixture | 
of sandy loam and brick rubbish, in well-drained pots. 
Propagated by cuttings, which should be taken off and - 
laid for two or three days in the sun, to dry. АП the ~ 
species mentioned below are from South Africa. MS 
September." i opposite. уе, са О 
glabrous, Stem suffruticose, decumbent, inched, | 
C. alpestris (alpine ite; ter 
ape eo 
corymbose. 
nearly glabrous, A. Sha toate 1878. 
glabrous, Stem suitraticose, 
nodes, Ж 
С. arborescens ( 2, 
triehotomous, May. ú opposi 
flat, glaucous, | 
terete. h, YN. 
ta (two-bracteate). 
C. bibractea 
coloured, August and ibe 
eire о АЛ bracts two ey 
shrubby, u t, л. € B T 
C, Bolusit Poss)" pale Beato. Summer. 1 elio 
lanceolate, fleshy, pale green, with dark, almo t з 
h. Sin. to Sin. 18/5. Perennial herb. (B. M. 6194) 
(B. M. 495.) | 
de y wi numerous, small. Winter. 
