xxvi 
BOTANY. 
Rihes leptanthum and Prunus Anckrsonii. Ephedra antisypIiilUica is likewise 
abundant westward and cspcciallj southward. 
Along the fresh w^ater streams there are some other species prominent 
as shrubs, especially the willows, SaUx longifolia and cordata in several 
strongly marked varieties, less frequently Rosa hlanda, and still more rarely 
Shepherdia argenfea and Ribes aureum. The marshes and margins of the 
lakes may be green with Juncus Balticus and Scirpus validus or ?nariti??ius, 
or sometimes with Equisetum hiemale^ and the coarseness of the meadow 
herbage tempered to some extent by a growth of Vllfa depaupei-ata or Triti- 
cum repens. The more generally abundant herbaceous plants upon the foot- 
hills are in their seasons the grasses Poa tenuifoUa and Hordeum jubatum^ as 
also the more persistent Eriocoma cuspidata^ with Sisymhrium canescens and 
Lupinus Jiexuosusy replaced eastward by sericeus. In general the minor flora 
is marked by a prevalence of species of Astragalus^ CEnothera, Gilia^ 
Hi/drophijUacea;^ annual Eriogonece and ligulate and senecioid composites. 
The more generally predominant of the above mentioned shrubby species 
may be thus arranged approximately in the order of their frequency. 
Predominant Species. 
Artemisia tridentata. Grayia polygaloides. Eurotia lanata. 
Obione confertifolia. Halostachys occidentalis. Purshia tridentata. 
canescens. Linosyris graveolens. Ephedra antisj-philitica. 
Sarcobatus vermiculatus. Artemisia trifida. Tetradymia canescens. 
Linosyris viscidiflora. spinescens. 
• All of these are strictly western species, Ohione canescens and Eurotia 
alone being found east of the Rocky Mountains upon the plains. Most of 
them cross the line of the Sierras and appear upon the Pacific slope, and all 
excepting the two species mentioned and Arte7nisia trifida and sjnnescens pass 
southward to Arizona, New Mexico or Western Texas, and Obione confertifolia 
into Mexico. Tetradymia and Eurotia are the only ones reported from 
north of latitude 49°, the one from British Columbia, the other from the 
Saskatchewan. 
The mountains are in a large measure as destitute of trees as the val- 
leys, or even more naked from the dwarfed character of the shrubs upon 
the exposed ridges and summits. There is generally, however, upon limited 
portions of all but the lowest ranges from the Sierras to the Wahsatch a 
greater or less supply of Pinus monophylla or Juniperus occidentalis. These 
are usually scattered over the dry slopes, of low compact habit, rarely ex- 
