ton of Da 
394 
THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, 
—-« Scolopendrium—continued. 
S. v. densum (dense). A remarkable form, about šin. high, 
having the fronds very much branched, so that the plant re- 
sembles a en ball, studded over with innumerable points, 
something like curled parsley. 1882. E 
S. v. laceratum (torn). fronds beautifully crested and durled 
at the tips, forming large, crisp heads. ` 
). 
a aie oe tne 
margin, a continuous, 
processes. 
fronds about lft. eng, bess 
which often produces thorn-like ar ed 
S, v. multifidum (much-cut). fronds h-brane for! 
ae g the apex, forming a May Ween, coon oe Soe n 
Fe S a n a 
; e fronds are 
aoa at the apex. It is a very selling, matty. s 
SCOLYMUS (the old Greek name, used by Theo- 
phrastus and other writers as far back as Hesiod). 
Orv. Composite. A small genus (three species) of hardy, 
erect, annual, biennial, or perennial herbs, natives of the 
Mediterranean Flower-heads yellow, terminal or 
lateral, sessile ; involucre ovoid or sub-globose, the few- 
seriate bracts mucronate or spiny at apex, gradually 
passing into floral leaves ; receptacle conical or elongated ; 
florets ligulate, truncately five-toothed at apex. Leaves 
alternate, rigid, sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid, with spiny 
teeth or lobes, often white-spotted above. The roots of 
_ §&. hispanicus are equally as good as Scorzonera; the 
_ leaves and stalks are eaten as Cardoons by the people of 
Salamanca; the flowers are employed for the adultera- 
, S. maculatus is sometimes cultivated 
; for the sake of its spotted, variegated leaves; seeds of 
this species only require sowing in the open ground. 
The perennial and biennial species thrive in common 
soil, and may be increased by seeds, or by divisions. 
. A very 
8. grandifierus (arge-fowered).* .-heads solitary, usually ter- 
minal; bracts sub-verticilinte.” May. L Donii Caney ter. 
current, winged. Stem villous. A. 3ft. Mediterranean region, 
1828. Perennial. 
S h). Golden Thistle; Spanish Oyster 
ibracteate, sub-aggregate, in leafy Sikes. 
August. “4 decurrent, slightly glabro inged. A. 3ft. - 
west Europe, 1653. Biennial ES. F. G. S E 
being decided) 
Scolymus—continued. 
(spotted). l.-heads somewhat corymbose 
bracted ; bracts pectinate. July. Z. cartilaginous on th J 
gins, decurrent, winged, often white-spotted. Stem simple, 
glabrous. h, 3ft. South Europe, 1630. Annual. (S. F. G. 824.) 
SCOLYTIDZ. An extensive group of small Beetles, 
often known as “ Bark-beetles,” because the larve of 
by far the greater number of species feed between the 
wood and the bark of trees, especially when the trees 
are dying. The insects, when mature, come out through 
holes in the bark. They are not, however, the only 
Beetles that feed in bark; but probably in no other 
family do so many species possess this habit. They are 
distinguished by their small size and cylindrical form 
a N om. à 
as sabi n 2 
many- 
e mar- 
Fie, 455. SCOLYTUS GEOFFROYI, (æ) natural size and (b) magnified. 
N ` 
Wee Fig. 455), fitting them for their mode of life. 
They have four joints in each foot, the first joint 
Ma de : 
urrow through the bark, and form below it passages, | 
which are usually straight or nearly so. The females 
lay eggs along the sides of the passages formed by each 
pair; and the lagye, on hatching out from the eggs, 
burrow away from the main passages, taking the direc- 
tions least likely, to bring them into the burrows of 
one another. As they grow, they increase the width of 
their burrows to correspond with their own size, and 
when full-fed they become pupæ in the ends of the tubes; 
and from these they emerge as Beetles in the. following 
spring. A considerable number of species 
found in Britain. Of these, some are confined to one 
kind of tree, while others feed in several different kinds. 
Most trees are liable to the attacks of several species of 
nese Beetles; and Coniferæ, especially Scotch Firs, are 
peculiarly infested by them. Each species makes tun- 
nels so definite and characteristic in form that a prac- 
tised entomologist can generally recognise, from the marks 
in the bark and the wood, the species of Beetle that has 
š 
Fie. 456. MARKINGS ON INNER SURFACE OF ELM-BARK OF GAL- 
LERIES FORMED BY SCOLYTUS GEOFFROYI (the wide Riese 
running up the middle is formed by the Female Beetle; the 
narrow side ones by the Lary). 
made them (see Figs. 456 and 457). The family Scolytide 
has been «split up into a number of genera, minor cha- 
racters being employed for this purpose; but upon these 
it is unnecessary now to enter, since their habits, the 
