OF HORTICULTURE. 395 
AN ENCYCLOPADIA 
Scolytide—continued. 
injuries done by them to trees, and the means of pre- 
venting or combating their attacks, are much alike in 
all the species. Fortunatelyythey seldom appear in quite 
healthy trees; but if trees have been weakened by any 
cause (ETa unfavourable soil, or gases in the soil or in 
Fic, 457. ELM TRUNK (much reduced), from which the Bark has 
been removed from one side to show the Galleriės formed 
by Scolytus Geofroyi. 
$ n2 wren 
the atmosphere), their destruction is often completed by 
these insects in a short time. Examples of this are fre- 
quently seen in the destruction by them of Elms and of 
other trees in public promenades in large towns (e.g., in 
Paris). 
Remedies. The beetles prefer dying or dead woo 
which to breed; hence, all such trees should be removed 
without delay, or, if the trunks are too large to be 
removed, the bark ought to be torn off and burned. It 
is well to leave some dead trunks as traps, since the 
IG. 458. OLD BARK OF ELM, showing Holes pierced by Scol 
"e = Geoffroy. : 7 eG 
* 
beetles resort to them in preference to living trees, and 
the logs can be burned with the insects in them. These 
traps should be renewed about every month during the 
breeding season, in summer. Where trees show holes (see 
Fig. 458), the bark should be removed from the infested 
hd 
| be used for sweeping purposes). 
aiiin 
itn 
Scolytidze—continued. 
parts about the end of June. In a short time the larve 
will be dead, and most of them will have been removed 
by birds. Choice trees may be protected by saturating 
the outer bark with tobacco solution, or other applica- 
tions distaste o the beetles, about the breeding season. 
The more destructive species in Britain are as follows: 
On Elms, in avenues, &c., Scolytus Geoffroyi (also called 
S. destructor (see Figs. 455 to 458), S. pygmeus, and 
Hylesinus vittatus; on Ash, Hylesinus crenatus and 
H. Fraxini; on Birch, Scolytus Ratzeburgi and (in the 
wood) Bostrichus domesticus; in Beech-wood, B. domes- 
ticus; on Scotch Firs and other Conifers, Hylesinus poli- 
graphus, Bostrichus chalcographus, B. typographus, B. 
Laricis, B. suturalis, B. bidentatus, B. micrographus, 
Ba lineatus, B. cinereus, Hylesinus angustatus, H. pal- 
liatus, H. atra, H. piniperda. Scolytus Pruni, on the 
Continent, occasionally proves hurtful to fruit- trees, 
e.g., Apple and Pear. 
SCOLYTUS. A genus of Scolytidæ (which see). 
SCOOPS. Tools employed for levelling or rendering 
smooth the bottoms of drains, when preparing for the 
drain-pipes. They are usually provided with long handles, 
and made in several widths, both hollowed and flattened 
in the sole part, intended for scooping out the soil. 
Some have the point of the Scoop turned on an angle 
towards the workman when in use; others turn in the 
opposite direction. 
SCOPARIA (from scopa, a broom; the plants may 
ORD. Scrophularinee. 
A genus comprising five or six species of much branched 
herbs or small shrubs, natives of Mexico and South 
America, one being broadly dispersed over all warm 
regions. Flowers white, yellow, or pale bluish, rather 
small, on axillary or twin pedicels; calyx four or five- 
parted; corolla four-cleft. Leaves opposite or whorled, 
entire or toothed, dotted. Two species have been intro- 
duced—S. dulcis (Sweet Broom) and 8S. flava—both 
herbaceous ; but they are probably lost to cultivation. 
SCOPOLIA (named in honour of John Anthony 
Scopoli, 1732-1788, Professor of Natural History at 
Pavia, and author of botanical works). Syn. Scopolina. 
Including Anisodus and Whitleya. ORD. Solanaceae. 
A small genus (three species) of hardy, erect, scarcely 
branched, perennial herbs; one is European, the second 
Japanese, and the third Himalayan. Flowers lurid-purple 
or greenish, veined, nodding; calyx truncate or broadly — 
and shortly five-lobed; corolla ample, the limb five-angled 
or very shortly five-lobed; stamens five; pedicels soli- 
tary, filiform. Leaves membranous, entire. Two of 
the species have been introduced. They thrive ina © 
light, dry soil, and in a shady situation. Propagation 
may be effected by division of the roots. S. carniolica 
‘is a very desirable plant, on account of its pretty 
flowers being produced in spring. 
, nod- 
T mares łin. to 
. long 
lo 
long. 
or Oe eee ee eee eee — e a 
; ; M. , under name of Hyoscy- 
more. Russia, 
amus Scopolia.) 
S. lurida (lurid) f. axillary; corolla at first green, then 
yellowish, at length purplish; peduncles jin. to 2in. ah Sep- 
tember. L Faeroe ovate, acute, undulated, wrinkled, the 
larger ones 6in. to 7in. long, mostly unequal, ‘glabrous above, 
slenderly-tomentose and canescent beneath. A. 4ft. to 6ft. 
Hagan, 1824. (S. B. F. G. 125, under name of Whitleya stramoni- 
ia. 
SCOPOLIA (of Smith). Included under Toddalia 
(which see). 
SCOPOLINA. A synonym of Scopolia (which see). 
SCORDIUM. Included under Teucrium (which 
see). 
