Stakes and Staking—continued. 
Stakes, in the shape of a triangle, round them, just 
clear of the roots, and tying to each near the top. A 
small piece of carpet, or something soft, should be put 
round the stem where the ties are made, for protecting 
the bark. 
All Stakes must of necessity be sharpened more or 
less to a point, at the lower or larger end, in order 
that they may enter the ground. 
STALAGMITES. A synonym of Xanthochymus 
(which see). 
STALK. A common term for any kind of lengthened 
support on which an organ is elevated. 
STAMEN (from stamen, a thread; in allusion to 
the slender form). One of the male organs of flowers. 
In the Stamens the pollen is formed and ripened, 
before it is set free to fall on the stigma, and, through 
it, to gain access to and fertilise the ovules (see Ovule 
and Pollen). There are usually several Stamens in a 
flower, and the whole assemblage of them is often called 
the andrecium (from the Greek words aner, andros, a 
male, and oikos, a house). A complete Stamen is made | 
Fic. 519. STAMEN, showing (a) Anther and (f) Filament. 
up of two chief parts (see Fig. 519), the anther (a) and 
the filament (f) or stalk supporting the anther. In many 
plants, the filaments are long, and cause the anthers to 
project from the corolla or perianth (see Fig. 520). In 
other plants, they are shorter than the corolla; and in 
some there are no filaments (e.g., in Orchids, in which 
the anther and the styles are adherent to one another). 
The filaments are usually free from one another, and are 
long and slender; but in many plants they are broad, 
or bear outgrowths (Deutzia), or are united into groups 
Fic. 520. FLOWER OF LILIUM PYRENAICUM, showing long Stamens 
bearing Anthers projecting beyond the Perian 
by their base (Hypericum), or grow together so as to 
form a more or less complete tube (Eucharis, Hibiscus). 
The anther is usually oval or linear; and in by far the 
greater number of plants it is evidently made up of 
two lobes, separated lengthwise by a portion called the 
“connective,” which is similar in structure to the fila- 
ment, and, in many anthers, is evidently a prolonga- 
tion of it. The connective is very narrow and incon- 
spicuous in some plants; broad in others, so that the 
lobes are widely separated. In some it is prolonged 
beyond the lobes at the tip, as a plate, or backwards 
AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF HORTICULTURE. 
485 
Stamen—continued. 
in spurs or outgrowths of various forms. The uses of 
these variations in form and position, the structure of 
the walls of the two pollen-spaces in each lobe, and 
the course of development of the pollen, are described 
under Nectary, Pollen, and Pollination. Stamens 
vary in number from one (Hippuris) to an indefinite 
number (Ranunculus); but most frequently there are 
three, four, or five, arranged in one circle, or six, eight, 
or ten, in an outer and an inner circle, On the number 
and arrangement of the Stamens, Linnæus founded the 
great divisions in the classification named after him, 
and for years so widely used, and which is still fre- 
quently employed, as a most convenient key for rapidly 
determining the names of plants. 
STAMINEAL. Consisting of, or relating to, 
stamens. 
STAMINIFEROUS. Bearing stamens. 
STAMINODE. A rudimentary stamen. 
STAMINODY. A name for the metamorphosis of 
other organs into stamens. 
STANDARD. The fifth or posterior petal of a 
papilionaceous corolla. 
STANDARDS. A term applied to trees or plants 
that have an upright stem supporting the head. They 
are grown in the open, as, for example, Apple, Pear, 
Plum-trees, &c., in an orchard. Chrysanthemums, Helio- 
trope, and Mignonette, are examples of plants readily 
grown as Standards in pots. 
STANGERIA (named after William Stanger, Sur- 
veyor-General of Natal, who died in 1854). ORD. Cy- 
cadacew. A monotypic genus. The species is a stove 
Cycad, requiring similar treatment to that recommended 
for Zamia. 
S. paradoxa (paradoxical). Hottentots Head. l. few, long- 
petiolate, pinnate, highly glabrous; pinnæ opposite and alter- 
nate, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, acute, or acuminate, spinuloso- 
serrulate or slightly crenate, rarely pinnatifid-lobed, traversed 
by parallel, forked veins, like those of a Lomaria; the lower 
ones petiolulate and sometimes bifid at base, the upper ones 
sessile. cones pedunculate, villous, densely clothed with im- 
bricatinz scales in many series; males cylindrical; females 
shorter, oblong-cylindrical. Trunk or caudex lft. long, nearly 
subterraneonus, sub-cylindrical, turnip-like, or deformed, nar- 
rowed at base. A. 2ft. South-eastern sub-tropical Africa, 1851. 
(B. M. 5121.) ; 
S. p. Katzeri (Katzer’s). l. few, ovate; pinne about eleven 
pairs, obverse-oblong, roundish and mucronate at apex, slightly 
undulated and crenately repand along the margins. This 
differs from the type in its smaller size. (R. G. 798, under _ 
name of S. Katzeri.) 
ea ; wrk eo : iir dette 
ggg Wer This ie pepe robust form ; it represents the 
one extreme, whilst S. p. Katzeri represents the 3 
STANHOPEA (named in honour of Earl Stanhope, 
1781-1855, President of the Medico-botanical Society). 
Syn. Ceratochilus. ORD. Orchidee. A genus including 
about thirty species of beautiful, stove, epiphytal orchids, 
natives of tropical America, from Brazil to Mexico. 
Flowers large, few, in a loose raceme, pedicellate; sepals 
and petals free, spreading, the latter sometimes undu- 
lated; lip thick and fleshy, variable and remarkable in 
structure ; the hinder portion (hypochil) usually saccate, 
the middle part (mesochil) often two-horned, and the 
anterior portion (epichil) more or less movable; column 
erect or incurved; pollen masses two; bracts mem- 
branous, spathe-like; scape deflexed or pendulous. Leaf 
ample, plicate-veined, contracted into the petiole. Stem 
very short, many-sheathed, one-leaved, usually thickened 
below into a fleshy pseudo-bulb. Although the flowers 
of the Stanhopeas are ephemeral, lasting but a few days 
in perfection, yet their free-blossoming habit should 
secure their presence in all collections. Some of the 
flowers are very handsome, and many are very strongly 
perfumed. 
