(10) Color. Examples: Three lined tree frog, striped tree frogs, 

 ornate tree frog, green toad, cinereous hyla. 



(n) Seasons. Examples: Spring peeper, shad frog. 

 (12) Miscellaneous sources of many kinds: Folklore. Example: 

 Charming toad. Legend says this toad, B. terrestris, turns your eye 

 green. Use (bait). Example: Pickerel frog. Weather signs. Example: 

 Rain frog. Odor. Example: Mink frog. 



Scientific name. Any consideration of the scientific name which an 

 animal bears implies an understanding of the scheme of classification. 

 All living things fall into two groups or kingdoms. The plants are 

 treated in the science of Botany, the animals in Zoology. The animal 

 kingdom has several major subdivisions or phyla, the last being the 

 Vertebrata (vertebrates). In the vertebrate phylum, the various classes 

 are known as fishes (Pisces), amphibians (Amphibia), reptiles 

 (Reptilia), birds (Aves) and mammals (Mammalia). We designate 

 the study of fishes as Ichthyology, that of birds, Ornithology, that of 

 mammals, Mammalogy, but we group together amphibians and 

 reptiles as the science of Herpetology. This merging of the two groups 

 is in a measure due to our inability to designate infallible characters of 

 separation. A fish has fins, a bird, feathers, a mammal, hair, but 

 reptiles and amphibians have no one positively distinctive character. 



The amphibians to which the order of frogs (Salientia or Ecaudata) 

 belongs have been variously defined. Some fifteen to twenty charac- 

 ters have been employed. Among them are the following: Most 

 living amphibians have naked skin and a larval aquatic stage. 

 Normally as tadpoles or larvae, they breathe with gills air dissolved 

 in the water, and as adults they breathe with lungs. Two of the mem- 

 branes about a developing mammal are absent in amphibians. There 

 are three living orders: 



Apoda (caecilians) are limbless, blind, and wormlike. None occur 

 in United States or Canada. 



Caudata (salamanders) are as adults tailed. 



Salientia (frogs) are as adults tailless. 



Seven families of Salientia or ecaudate amphibians are represented 

 by 86 species or subspecies in the United States and Canada. Family 

 names in zoology and botany end in idae. These seven families with 

 the number of species and subspecies in the United States and 

 Canada are: 



1. Bell toads, Discoglossidae. 1 species. 



2. Spadefoots, Scaphiopodidae. 5 species and subspecies. 



3. Toads, Bufonidae. 18 species and subspecies. 



4. Treetoads, Hylidae. 28 species and subspecies. 



5. Robber frogs, Leptodactylidae. 6 species. 



6. Frogs, Ranidae. 24 species and subspecies. 



7. Narrow-mouthed toads, Brevicipitidae. 4 species. 



