and legs, hands and feet, are warty or roughly tubercular. There are 

 dark spots on the arms and legs, along the sides, and a few on the 

 belly. Some males have yellow throats and considerable yellow on the 

 under side of the base of the legs and in the groin. The general color 

 is olive, with parotoids and crests brown. 



Structure: Parotoids large and oblong, connected to the post- 

 orbital crest by a longitudinal ridge. Crests on the head form a right 

 angle at the corner of the eye, one branch extending downward in 

 front of the ear; males with dark throats; males with excrescences on 

 inner-upper side of first two fingers and on inner carpal tubercle; 

 many spiny warts particularly on the hind legs. 



Voice: The call is a long sustained, musical, high pitched trill. 



Breeding: They breed from April 5 to July 25, the crest about 

 April 30. The eggs are in long spiral tubes of jelly, each egg 1/25-1/16 

 inch (1-1.4 mm.) in diameter; the inner tube 3/5-1/12 inch (1.6- 

 2.2 mm.), the outer tube 1/8-1/6 inch (3.4-4 mm.). The eggs, 4,000- 

 8,000 in number, are laid in two strings, and hatch in 3-12 days. 

 The small, dark, almost black tadpole 1 1/12 inches (27 mm.) 

 has an ovoid body broader near the vent than at the eyes. The dorsal 

 crest is low, extending slightly onto the body, the tail short, its tip 

 rounded. The tooth ridges are 2/3. After a tadpole period of 50 to 65 

 days, they transform June 1 to August at 1/4-1/2 inch (7-12 mm.). 



Notes: "While the farmer sleeps the toad is searching his lawn 

 and garden and cornfield for insects and their relatives. He feeds 

 upon nothing else. Cutworms, ants, potato bugs and chinch bugs are 

 delicacies to him, and he snaps them up steadily with his loose flap of 

 a tongue until his sides stick out and he can hold no more." (H. 

 Garman, 1901, pp. 60-61). 



Hudson Bay American Toad. 



Bufo americanus copei Yarrow & Henshaw. 



Range: Hudson Bay, James Bay. In August 1932, Mr. Calvin 

 Goodrich collected a series at Moose Factory for Dr. H. T. Gaige. 

 She like Drs. Stejneger and Barbour feels that this form should be 

 brought out from the synonomy of Bufo americanus. 



Size: The extremes of Mrs. Gaige's and Mr. Kennedy's series are 

 69 mm. and 75 mm. or 2 3/4-3 inches. 



General appearance: Some of its outstanding characters as con- 

 trasted with the American toad are its bright coloration, long narrow 

 parotoid glands, and greater width between the cranial crests. A 

 broad median yellowish-white stripe runs down the back. 



Structure: Parotoids twice as long as broad, situated well back on 

 the shoulders; hind-limbs longer than the body length; cranial crests 

 well developed. 



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