beneath chin; male with tympana larger than eye; head narrow. 



Voice: Its sonorous bass notes have received countless characteri- 

 zations, among which are the familiar, jug-o'-rum, more rum, blood 

 V ouns, br-wum, be drowned, knee deep, and bottle-d'-rum. These notes 

 have wonderful carrying power and are commonly heard in the 

 evenings of early summer. 



Breeding: In the north, they breed the last of June or in July 

 when the air temperature is about 80 degrees and the water has 

 warmed up to 70 degrees. In the south, they breed much earlier. We 

 found an egg mass in San Antonio, Texas, Feb. 12, 1925. The egg mass 

 is a large surface film 2 x 1/2, 2 x 2, or 2 x 2 1/2 feet; the eggs, black 

 and white, are 1/20-1/15 inch (1. 2-1.7 nim.) in diameter. There is 

 no inner envelope and the outer merges into the jelly film. The tad- 

 pole is large, 4-6 3/5 inches (100-165 mm.), olive in color with fine 

 speckings of black, and with the tooth ridges 2/3, rarely 2,/ 3- I n the 

 north it spends two winters as a tadpole, and transforms from July 1 

 to August 15, or in the south, from last of May onward, at 1 1/4-2 3/8 

 inches (31-59 mm.). 



Notes: At Ithaca two habitat factors are important: shallows 

 where the species can transform; and brush, stumps, driftwood or 

 matted roots of 'fringing willow trees. When croaking begins, the 

 males often take certain perches in which they keep a proprietary 

 interest. About one pond, the author once located seven such places, 

 each with its possessor, only once finding two in one place. . . . When, 

 however, the males about a lake are numerous enough to make 

 their night croaking a real chorus, . . . it is not likely that any one 

 individual holds a favorite site to the exclusion of others. 



The bullfrog is a solitary form. 



June 30, 1913. Otter Lake, Dorset, Ontario. Bullfrogs in chorus. 

 . . . The other day the boys caught 29 with a red flannel hook. The 

 following evening with electric flashlight, we caught 15. The next 

 day we captured 20 more. When I cleaned them, none of the females 

 had laid. . . . Furthermore, we found no eggs in the field. Surely this 

 is the wrong season to catch them. Their capture should not be 

 allowed until the middle of July or the beginning of August. 



June 4, 1917. Camped at Broad river. S. C. . . .In long shallow 

 pools, 2-3 ft. deep, where plenty of yellow water lilies grow, we found 

 three masses of bullfrog eggs. One fresh mass was 21/2x1 1/2 ft. in 

 diameter and was at the surface around the stems of a yellow water 

 lily. Another mass looked like cooked rhubarb and was more or less 

 dirty. In another case, the egg mass was on Chara which surrounded 

 the stems of the water lilies. Here there were plenty of adult bullfrogs. 



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