42. Head with conspicuous large pores; vomerine and parasphenoid teeth 



in continuous series; tail flattened and finned toward the tip; back 

 brown; belly yellowish, usually with fine brown markings; Virginia 

 to Georgia 



Stereochilus marginatus (Hallowell) Margined Salamander 

 Head without conspicuous pores; vomerine and parasphenoid teeth not 

 in continuous series 43. 



43. Ends of fingers and toes very slightly expanded and indented; with slight' 



ly projecting teeth confined to the front part of the upper jaw; sides 



of upper jaw thin and sharp 44. 



Ends of fingers rounded or tapering; teeth on upper jaw usually incon' 



spicuous and not confined to the front 47. 



44. Coloration blotched; back dark, with patches of lighter color 45. 

 Back dark, usually with a few small light spots or dots 46. 



45. Back black, with yellow markings; W. Virginia to Ala. and Georgia 



Aneides aeneus (Cope) Green Salamander 

 Back brown, with grayish-yellow blotching; West Coast 

 Aneides ferrens Cope Rusty Salamander 



46. Back black, with a few light dots; tail rather stout throughout; Cal. 



Aneides flavipunctatus (Strauch) Black Shasta Salamander 

 Back brownish, with a few small yellowish spots; tail somewhat prehen- 

 sile, becoming quite slender distally; Cal. 



Aneides luguhns (Hallowell) Tree Salamander 



47. With 20 to 23 costal grooves, and with nine or ten costal grooves between 



toes of front and hind legs pressed toward each other along the sides; 

 back dark, with light dots, with or without an obscure mid'dorsal light 

 band; belly dark, with scattered light dots; Penna., W. Va., Ohio and 

 Kentucky 



Plethodon richmondi N. 6? M. Richmond Salamander 

 Usually with less than 20 costal grooves and with less than nine costal 

 grooves between appressed toes, or belly light, mottled 48. 



48. Belly finely and closely mottled or spotted 49. 

 Belly practically plain colored, except for scattered dots or large pale 



blotches in some species 52. 



49. Costal grooves 16 to 20; eastern species 50. 

 Costal grooves 14 to 16; Wash, and Oregon 51. 



50. Dorsal stripe, if present, usually 2,ig2;ag; sides and belly mottled gray 



and brown; Penna. to Ind. and Ala. 



Plethodon cinereus dorsalis Cope Red'backed Salamander, 



Gray Salamander 

 (Salamandra erythronota Green) 

 Dorsal stripe, if present, with straight edges; sides and belly mottled gray 

 and white; Minn, southward and eastward 



Plethodon cinereus cinereus (Green) Red-backed Salamander, 



Gray Salamander 

 (Salamandra erythronota Green) 



51. With about four costal grooves between appressed toes; sides mottled 



322 



