only in flight 



(7 genera, 9 species) 



Family CORVIDAE Crows and Jays 



Usually with ten primaries, the first more than one-half 

 and less than two-thirds the second; tarsus scaled in front 

 and with an almost bare ridge behind; beak straight; nos- 

 trils mostly concealed by tufts of tiny, bristly feathers, 

 which project forward over them; tail feathers graduated; 

 birds larger than a robin 

 (8 genera, 16 species) 



Family PARIDAE Titmice and Chickadees 



Usually with ten primaries, the first less than two-thirds, 

 usually less than one-half the second; tarsus scaled in front 

 and with an almost bare ridge behind; beak straight, short 

 and stout; nostrils mostly concealed by tufts of tiny, 

 bristly feathers; tail feathers graduated; small birds 

 (4 genera, 12 species) 



Family SITTIDAE Nuthatches 



Usually with ten primaries, the first less than two-thirds, 

 usually less than one-half the second; tarsus scaled in front 

 and with an almost bare ridge behind; beak straight, long 

 and slender; nostrils mostly concealed by tufts of tiny, 

 bristly feathers; end of tail square; small birds 

 (1 genus, 4 species) 



Family CERTHIIDAE Creepers 



With ten primaries, the first less than one-half the second; 

 tarsus scaled in front and with an almost bare ridge be- 

 hind; nostrils exposed; beak slender, curved, not hooked at 

 tip; tail feathers stiff and pointed, graduated; birds usually 

 seen running up and down trees 

 (1 genus, 1 species) 



Family CHAMAEIDAE Wren-tits 



With ten primaries, the first less than two-thirds but more 

 than one-half the second; tarsus scaled in front and with an 

 almost bare ridge behind; beak short and stout, with small 

 feathers projecting forward over base; nostrils exposed; 

 tail feathers graduated; small birds 

 (1 genus, 1 species) 



Family CINCLIDAE Dippers 



With ten primaries, the first less than two-thirds the sec- 

 ond; tarsus almost without scales; no bristles at the base 

 of the beak; tail very short 

 (1 genus, 1 species) 

 457 



