hooked; base of upper bill extending back to divide 



feathers of forehead; no bristles at the base of the beak; 



tail usually graduated; birds approaching the size of a 



robin 



(10 genera, 18 species) 

 Family THRAUPIDAE Tanagers 



With nine primaries, the first two almost equal in length; 



tarsus scaled before and with an almost bare ridge behind; 



beak stout; with a small projection from the middle of 



each side of the upper bill; nostrils exposed; end of tail 



square; males more or less red; females usually greenish 



or yellowish; moderate-sized birds 



(1 genus, 4 species) 

 Family FRINGILLIDAE Sparrows, Finches, Buntings, Gros' 

 beaks and Crossbills 



With nine primaries, the first two almost equal in length; 



tarsus scaled before and with an almost bare ridge behind; 



beak short and stout, with smooth edges, sometimes curved 



or crossed; nostrils almost concealed by tufts of tiny, 



bristly feathers, which project forward over them; birds 



about the size of the house sparrow 



(34 genera, 83 species) 



GENERAL REFERENCES 



Allen, A. A. 1930. The Book of Bird Life. D. Van Nostrand Co. New 

 York 



Apgar, A. C. 1898. Birds of the United States East of the Rockies. Ameri- 

 can Book Co. 



Arthur, S. C. 1931. The Birds of Louisiana. State of La. Dept. of Con- 

 servation, Bull. No. 20. New Orleans. 



Ashbrook, F. G. 1931. Bird Guide. Whitman Publishing Co. Racine, 

 Wis. 



Bailey, F. M. 1917. Handbook of Birds of the Western United States. 

 Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston fe? New York. 



Baird, S. F., Brewer, T. M. and Ridgway. R. 1874 and 1884. A History 

 of North American Birds. Land Birds in 3 vols. Water Birds in 2 vols. 

 Little, Brown ^ Co. Boston. 



Bendire, C. 1892. Life Histories of North American Birds, etc. Smith- 

 sonian Contribution to Knowledge, Vol. 28 or Special Bull. No. 1 of the 

 U. S. Nat. Museum. Washington. 



Bent, A. C. 1921-1932. Life Histories of North American Birds. Published 

 as Bulletins of the U. S. Nat. Museum. Gulls and Terns, Bull. 113. 

 Petrels and Pelicans, Bull. 121. Wild Fowl, Bull. 130. Marsh Birds, 

 Bull. 135. Shore Birds, Bulls. 142 and 146. Gallinaceous Birds, Bull. 162. 

 Washington. 



461 



