The human transport of animals across the Northern Atlantic 143 



its typical form which must have been brought over independently from parts of 

 Europe other than Ireland, though possibly from Great Britain. 



The distribution of long-winged (macropterous) and short-winged (brachy- 

 pterous) individuals of Notiophilus biguttatus F. in Newfoundland, the only part 

 of North America where it has been found, clearly demonstrates its introduction 

 to and subsequent dispersal from the Avalon Peninsula (fig. 14). 



Westward transport 



From where did they come? 



Most of the animal species stated or believed to be introduced into North America 

 are widespread in Europe and great difficulties are therefore encountered in 

 deciding on that basis alone from which country they once emigrated. As will be 

 shown in the following chapters, it is easier to find out the possible directions of 

 transport by studying the North Atlantic trade during the past three or four cen- 

 turies. It may anyhow be worth while to analyze the distribution in western Europe, 

 and also in North America, of the Carabid beetles in the list above (p. 40 a.f.) 

 regarded as introduced into the latter continent. 



A summary of table 2 shows that the British Isles are the only part of the 

 European west coast where all 40 species of Carabidae introduced from Europe 

 to North America occur, though two of them (Carabus auratus L. and cancellatus 

 111.) are occasional only and certainly reached North America from some other 

 European country. The same can be said about Amara anthobia Villa, quite re- 

 cently discovered in Britian, and Trechus obtusus Er., occurring there in its short- 

 winged (brachypterous) form only, whereas in North America (the Pacific North- 

 west) it is constantly long-winged (macropterous), a form otherwise restricted to 

 southern Europe, north to SW France. 



The remaining 36 species of table 2 may very well have been introduced from 

 the British Isles and it is interesting to observe that all of them have been found 

 in southwestern England, 22 species even on ballast-places or localities in the 

 old ports where such are supposed to have been situated (besides the 20 species 

 treated on p. 193 a.f., below, Clivina collaris Hbst. diudfossor L. which, according 

 to specimens in the Bristol Museum, have been taken on the Avon River banks). 



The 23 Carabid species introduced into Newfoundland all occur in southwestern 

 England, as do the 5 additional species found on the mainland of eastern Canada 

 [Bembidion properans Steph., Carabus granulatus L., Clivina collaris Hbst., Stomis 

 pumicatus Panz., and Trechus discus F.) 



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