154 CHAPTER II 



melanarius, which have an isolated, late occurrence in the Pacific Northwest 

 (Hatch, 1953). 



3. On ECOLOGICAL evidence. The following European species occur in New- 

 foundland only on ground strongly influenced by human culture, mainly around 

 ports and other communities: All Amarus of the list above, except fulva (cf. p. 142), 

 Bembidion lampros and tetracolum, Carabus nemoralis, Clivina fossor, Harpalus 

 rufipes, and Trechus rubens. Still more pronounced is Pristonychus ferricola, a true 

 indoor insect. 



4. BIOLOGICAL evidence of introduction does not apply to Newfoundland 

 Carabidae but is valid for several Curculionids (Weevils), especially those confined 

 to Trifolium as food-plants (Phytonomus meles F., nigrirostris F., punctatus F., 

 Sitona lepidus Gyll., &c.), a plant genus not represented by indigenous species 

 on the island. 



5. On TAXONOMic evidence, Notiophihis biguttatus, due to the geographical 

 distribution of its macro- and brachypterous forms, must be regarded as introduced 

 (fig. 14). Pterostichus stretmus, in Europe dimorphic with respect to the hind- wings, 

 has apparently been introduced into Newfoundland in the pure (homozygotic) 

 brachypterous form, which possibly explains its occurrence only within a restricted 

 area on the eastcoast of Avalon. 



It is also worth while to point out that the characters referred to by Lapouge 

 (1908, p. 19) in constituting the populations of Carabus nemoralis from Newfound- 

 land and New Brunswick as belonging to a distinct, indigenous North American 

 subspecies (also referred to by Okland, 1927, p. 355), are quite imaginary and 

 provide no facts, which contradict the opinion that this species is a European emi- 

 grant. 



The Newfoundland trade 

 Historical review 



The trade between Newfoundland and Europe is so intimately connected with and 

 so deeply stained by the peculiar political relations to the mother country. Great 

 Britain, during more than four centuries, that a brief summary of early New- 

 foundland history seems appropriate. The most important sources have been 

 Prowse (1895), Rogers (1911), Newton (1930), Harris (1930), Cochrane (1938), 

 and Parkinson (1948). 



The discovery of Newfoundland by the Europeans took place at a very early 

 date. It is now regarded as a historical reality that Norsemen starting from Green- 



