The human transport of animals across the Northern Atlantic 169 



Bideford (incl. Appledore) and Barnstaple were connected by direct trade also 

 with Prince Edward Island, especially in the period from 1840 to 1890, according 

 to Mr. Boyle. It is worth mentioning, then, that the introduced Carabid beetle 

 Harpalus rufipes DeG. was first found on Prince Edward Island in 1937, and is 

 now rapidly spreading. 



Brown (1950, p. 197) has drawn attention to the fact that during the Napoleonic 

 Wars British ships were seeking timber at ports in the Maritime Provinces of 

 Canada and that "large quantities of ballast" were landed when they arrived there. 

 As reported by Fowler (1901) St. Andrew's in New Brunswick seems to have been 

 an important centre for this export of lumber and, consequently, "probably no 

 locality of equal area in Canada can boast of a larger percentage of foreign plants 

 in its Flora than that which flourishes on the streets and in the neighborhood of 

 St. Andrew's". 



The ground-beetles Carahus granulatus L. and nemoralis Miill., and the click- 

 beetle Agriotes sputator L. were first observed in North America in New Bruns- 

 wick (Brown, 1940). 



New England served as a gateway for European introductions in a more restricted 

 way {vide map, fig. 10). The first colonization and early history of this region 

 were largely different. As early as the beginning of the 17th century it had the 

 character of a permanent settlement and, though England tried to monopolize 

 the trade, this was always more diversified than in the Canadian East and gained 

 full independence in 1776. It is therefore easily understood that in part other ani- 

 mals and plants were introduced into northeastern U.S.A. For instance, the ground- 

 beetles Carabus auratus L. and cancellatus 111., of which at least the first mentioned 

 has become established in New England, are not permanent inhabitants of the 

 British Isles and must have arrived from the European mainland; likewise the 

 Centiped Pachymerium ferrugineum C. L. Koch, widely distributed in Europe 

 but not recorded from the British Isles. 



Similar, more numerous instances are to be found among plant-feeding insects^ 

 apparently introduced with their hosts, such as the following Weevils (Curcu- 

 lionidae), introduced into the northeastern United States but unknown in Canada: 

 Elleschus scanicus Payk., Gymnetron netum Germ., Polydrosus impressifrons Gyll., 

 Stomodes gyrosicollis Boh., all lacking in the British Isles. One species at least, the 

 Alfalfa Weevil {Phytonomus posticus Gyll.), has been imported directly to the Middle 

 West, to Utah, possibly "in the straw packing about fragile imported packages" 

 (Howard, 1930, p. 115), from where it is spreading rapidly in all directions (fig. 6). 



Apparently, due to the early permanent colonization, there was little need for 

 ballast in ships destined to New England, which in itself was a good market for 

 all kinds of European products. However, the Lamellicorn beetle Aegialia arenaria 



