lyo CHAPTER II 



F., inhabiting the sand-dunes of the coast and known in North America only from 

 Massachusetts (DarUngton, 1927), was no doubt a ballast passenger. It was found 

 on "The Crow", one of the investigated ballast-places of North Devon (below, 

 p. 178). 



All kinds of cattle had to be imported from Europe. It requires only moderate 

 imagination to guess how slow was the procedure of loading these animals on board 

 the old sailing-vessels. Meanwhile, of course, various dung-feeding insects were 

 flying on board and as the rich supply of suitable food was perpetually renewed, 

 they had no reason to leave the ship during the voyage. It is anyhow almost 

 surprising what a rich assortment of for instance European dung-beetles, genus 

 Aphodius, was carried across: 14 of the 41 species occurring in the British Isles 

 are now well established in the United States, 10 of them also in Canada. All 

 3 British species of the likewise dung-feeding Hydrophilid genus Sphaeridium were 

 also introduced into North America, both on the Atlantic and the Pacific coast 

 (Brown, 1940, p. 70-71; Hatch, 1946, p. 78). 



A third important reception area for European introductions was the Pacific 

 Northwest. It seems that many of the introduced species of that region arrived 

 comparatively late {vide list of beetles, Hatch, 1953, p. 25-29) and probably in 

 part as secondary adventives from original centres of introduction in eastern North 

 America. This may also be true in cases where, to our present knowledge, the 

 Middle West constitutes an interruption of the area of a species. Even if it is actually 

 lacking there, the climatic conditions alone may be responsible. 



There is, however, quite a series of European species, notably among insects, 

 occurring in North America exclusively on the Pacific side of the continent, for 

 instance the following Coleoptera: 



Carabidae: 



Acupalpus meridianus L. * Calathus fuscipes Gze. 



* Amara anthobia Villa * Pristonychus complanatus Dej. 



* Anisodactylus binotatus F. Tachys parvulus Dej. 

 Bradycellus harpalinus Serv. * Trechus obtusus Er. 



Curculionidae: 

 Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis Payk. Otiorrhynchus jneridionalis Gyll. 



Otiorrhynchus cribricollis Gyll. Sitona Uneatus L. 



* = taken in greenhouses (partly or exclusively). 



For these a direct importation from Europe must be assumed (except for 

 Otiorrhynchus cribricollis which may have arrived from its secondary centre in 

 Australia, and perhaps the almost cosmopolitan Pristonychus). The late arrival of 

 most European species into the Pacific Northwest, compared with eastern U.S.A., 



