The human transport of animals across the Northern Atlantic 215 



the Wood-lice Porcellio spinicornis Say (pictus Brandt) and P. scaber Latr. (the 

 latter as niger Say; vide Palmen, 195 1, p. 15). Say also mentioned the occurrence 

 in North America of Armadillidium vulgare Latr. and Oniscus asellus L. 



Dejean (1828, p. 466) reports the Carabid beetle Amara aenea DeG. from North 

 America and this is confirmed by a specimen in his collection (Lindroth, 1955 b, 

 p. III). 



Randall, in 1838, described the Carabid Clivina collaris Hbst. (as elongata; 

 vide Lindroth, 1954 a, p. 122) and the dung-beetle Aphodius fimetarius L. (as 

 nodifrons). 



One of the Otiorrhynchus (Brachyrhinus) Weevils, the genus as a whole being 

 introduced into North America (Brown, 1940, p. 67), was early recognized: 

 sulcatus F., about 1830 (Schwarz, 1890, p. 38; Essig, 1931, p. 189). 



The Pear Psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerst., and the Elm Leaf Beetle, Galerucella 

 luteola Miill., were noticed in the U.S.A. in the 1830's (Essig, 193 1, p. 848-850). 



In Newfoundland, between 1827 and 1835, Philip Henry Gosse {vide Bruton, 

 1930) collected, among other insects, "Forficula sp." (no doubt auricularia L.)i 

 and the beetles Coccinella bipunctata L., Aphodius fimetarius L., and two species 

 of Sitona, all introduced. 



Finally, according to a collection of insects made by the Norwegian naturalist 

 Peter Stuwitz in Newfoundland in the period 1 839-1 842 and preserved at the 

 Zoological Museum, Oslo, at least the following European species reached the 

 island prior to the opening of steamer connections (with Halifax, in 1842): 



Carabidae Scarabaeidae 



Agonum millleri Hbst. Aphodius fimetarius L. 

 A. ruficorne Gze. 



Bembidion tetracolum Say Curculionidae 



Harpalus affinis Schrk. Barynotus obsciirus F. 



Otiorrhynchus ovattis L. 



Elateridae O. sulcatus F. 



Agriotes lineatus L. Sitona lepidus Gyll. (fiavescens Mrsh.) 



It is thus evident that the old trade conditions of sailing vessels days are largely 

 responsible for the fact that transatlantic introduction of foreign animals and 

 plants took place almost exclusively in a westward direction. In addition, as fully 

 discussed earlier in this chapter, the one-sided carrying of ballast westward only, 

 seems to strengthen the case in a sufficient way. 



A slightly different picture is provided by animals imported with their host plants. 



^ Generally, Forficula auricularia L. is regarded as an introduction of the 20th century 

 (Essig, 1931, p. 923). 



