CHAPTER II 



trolled by the Ichneumonid wasp Bathyplectes curculioms Thorns., introduced 

 from Europe, the former by the fungus Entomophthora sphaerosperma Fres. 



Pieris rapae L. (Cabbage or Small White). First recorded in N. America about 

 1856 (in Quebec), now widely distributed. The Braconid wasp Apanteles glomeratus 

 L., imported from Europe in 1883, is now well established and useful. 



Lymantria {Ocneria, Porthetria) dispar L. (Gypsy Moth). Introduced for purposes 

 of study and unintentionally escaped about 1869, a severe pest from 1889. A 

 large number of different enemies were imported from Europe and Japan, among 

 others the Carabid beetle Calosoma sycophanta L., which has proved useful. 



Euproctis phaeorrhoea Don. {chrysorrhoea auctt., nee L.) (Brown-tail Moth). 

 First recorded in the 1890's (Mass.), injurious since 1897. Controlled by means of 

 several European parasitic wasps and flies. 



Argyroploce {Carpocapsa, Cydia) pomonella L. (Codling Moth). This was in- 

 troduced into N. America already in the i8th century and is now generally distrib- 

 uted. Attempts at biological control have met with only moderate success but 

 recently the Ichneumonid wasp Ephialtes caudatus Ratz., from Europe, has become 

 established in British Columbia. 



Pyrausta nubilalis Hbn. (European Corn Borer). First recorded in 1917 (Boston), 

 now widely distributed and very disastrous. A special organisation, "The Inter- 

 national Corn Borer Investigation", has carried out large scale rearing and trans- 

 port of parasites (Ichneumonids, Braconids) from Europe. 



Mayetiola (Phytophaga) destructor Say (Hessian Fly). This Cecidiomyid fly, 

 although first described from America and known there since the i8th century, is 

 usually regarded as a European introduction. Attempts at control have been per- 

 formed with several European parasitic wasps. 



Nematus (Pristiphora) erichsoni Htg.^ (Larch Sawfly), injurious in Canada, has 

 been effectively controlled by the aid of the European Ichneumonid wasp Meso- 

 letus tenthredinidis Marl. 



B. Species of North American origin 



Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (Colorado Beetle). Native of the Rocky Mountains. 

 First introduced specimens observed in Europe as early as 1876 but not until 

 about 1920 did it become established, in the Bordeaux region, whence it spread 

 with terrible rapidity {vide map, fig. 3, p. 136). Attempts at biological control 

 have had little success but the Carabid beetle Lehia grandis Hentz and a couple 



^ On the possibility of Pristiphora erichsoni being indigenous in North America, vide 

 Coppel & Leius (Can. Entomol. 87. 1955, p. 107-108). 



