84 ORCHARDS. 



ward, and separate those that lie together; carefully guard 

 against setting too deep^ especially on cold, moist land. Let 

 the upper roots lie a few inches below the surface, when the 

 earth is leveled. The roots being adjusted, place fine loam on 

 them, filling up closely under the heel of the tree,* and all 

 around the roots so as to leave no cavitv ; treadino; it down 

 gently, that it may come in close contact with the roots. Do 

 not shake tJtetree^ as this will displace the small fibres. The 

 hands should be used, not the foot, or a harsh implement, in 

 adjusting the roots and applying the soil." 



" When the hole is filled up level, if it be in Spring, make a 

 cavity to catch the rain. If it be in Fall, make a broad mound 

 around the tree eight or ten inches high, to keep the roots 

 warm, throw off" the water, and support the tree. Place a few 

 stones close by the tree, bedded firmly in the mound, then lay 

 sods between the tree and the stones, and press them down 

 closely. Thus set, no stakes are necessary, as the trees Avill 

 stand a hurricane. It takes but a few minutes to make the 

 mound and fasten the tree. In the Spring, remove the mound 

 and make a cavity, as in Spring setting." 



The best season for transplanting is from November to 

 March; because the generality of plants, trees, shrubs, &c., 

 during those months are in a dormant state, and receive but 

 little injury from their removal ; provided the roots are well 

 preserved, and the weather open. The quality of the soil, as 

 well as the climate, situation and exposure, should, therefore, 

 be relatively consulted. It will also be necessary to mark the 

 sides of trees or plants on which they are exposed to the sun, 

 and place them exactly in the same direction ; for otherwise 

 the circulation of the sap is prevented or retarded, and their 

 growth consequently impeded. Farther, the roots must be 

 properly spread before the plant is settled in the ground, when 

 a portion of fine mould should be strewed over them ; and on 

 being sprinkled with water, the whole ought to be closely 

 pressed down to the consistence of unbroken earth. Next, 

 some coarse litter or mulching should be scattered on the spot 



*This is facilitated by preparing a small mound in the bottom of the 

 hole of fine loam or earth. 



