ORCHARDS. 107 



is still letter ; hut it should not he jnit on too strong for very 

 young trees.) This operation will not only destroy the eggs 

 of insects, that are hatched during the Spring and Summer, 

 but also prevents the growth of moss ; and if repeated in 

 Autumn, after the fall of the leaves, it will kill the eggs 

 of those numerous insects, which are hatched during 

 that season ; thus greatly contributing to the nourishment 

 and growth of the tree, and preserving its barkin a fine 

 healthy state. 



TRAINING. 



Training in gardening., is the operation or art of form- 

 ing young trees to a wall or espalier, or of causing them 

 to grow in a shape suitable to that end. According to 

 the British mode training is of but very little use in the 

 United States, and more especially it is a useless job in 

 the Southern and Western states ; as we have a sufficiently 

 dry climate, and hot sun to secure the perfect growth and 

 maturity of the apple, peach and pear, and other valuable fruits, 

 without resorting to this tedious, lengthy and troublesome 

 process to mature fruits. The only objects of training, accor- 

 ding to the British acceptation of the term, is to secure a more 

 complete exposure of the leaves and branches to the light and 

 sun, to ripen their fruits in a naturally damp, showery and 

 unfavorable climate. Training in that climate greatly pro- 

 motes fruitfulness. It retards luxuriance of growth and dim- 

 inishes the vigor of the trees. Space is a great object in Euro- 

 pean gardens, and trained trees occupy much less ground 

 than standards, by having a flat surface to correspond with a 

 wall or espalier. 



Training, although useless in many respects here, is, never- 

 theless, very convenient in a small garden. It gives a very 

 beautiful and tasty appearance, and furnishes very superior 

 specimens of fruit. It is practiced to considerable extent in 

 the neighborhood of Boston, and fruit is cultivated in this 

 way, in some situations still farther north. There are various 

 modes ; such as fan training, horizontal training, geonoville or 

 conical training, spiral training, pyramidical training, etc. The 



