BY W. \\. FROGGATT. 355 



like growth consisting of a number of cylindrical tubes massed 

 together, enveloped by a protective overlapping sheath, often many 

 times the size of the female gall. The female galls are variable in 

 shape, green or brown coloured, smooth outwardly, generally oval 

 or oblong, often surmounted with horns or other appendages, and 

 always, with the exception of the cockscomb-like galls which form 

 on the leaf, growing out from the branches or branchlets. Both 

 male and female galls have an opening always at the apex. 



The female coccid is a top-shaped, cylindrical, fleshy, white or 

 yellow grvib, enveloped in a floury substance secreted by the 

 coccid ; the head and thoracic segments are round, much crenulated 

 on the face ; it is difficult to say which is the head, as the segment 

 one would take for the head has two rudimentary, three-jointed 

 antenna3, as well as the simple three-jointed fore-legs, which are 

 placed just under them, while the eyes or eye spots are situated 

 close on either side of this overlapping segment. The second and 

 third thoracic segments each bear a pair of short legs, while the 

 abdominal segments are regular, well defined, and taper to a point, 

 the tip being surmounted with a pair of pointed anal appendages, 

 which Schrader says are used to keep the orifice of the gall clear of 

 obstructions ; but I consider it more likely that they are of use 

 to the coccid in drawing herself towards the opening. The coccid 

 lies in the fleshy gall, which is sometimes a quarter of an inch 

 thick, head downwards, the tail pointing outwards; she is generally 

 smaller than the gall chamber, and has plenty of room to move 

 backwards and forwards. When full grown the males emerge 

 from the neighbouring galls, and by means of their slender, pointed 

 abdomen impi^egnate the imprisoned female through the apical 

 orifice, through which the latter can exsert her anal appendages. 



After impregnation the males die, and the females become a 

 mass of eggs, from which the young larvae soon emerge, crawling 

 through the opening in the gall and leaving the empty shell of 

 their mother behind in the ripe gall. The larvse [e.g. of Brachy- 

 scelis munita] are microscopic, yellow, active creatures, having 

 a circular, shield-like body margined with a fringe of cilia, distinct 

 eyes, antennse, and legs. They move about quickly, and those 



