BY THE REV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 41 



but Orchids and some Asclepiads are plentiful. The shrubs here 

 are meagre and sparse, but still exhibit a great variety of species, 

 and the same may be said of the clothing of the ground. The 

 display of gaudy flowers during the hot season on trees as well 

 as on the ground is often very striking. Where depressions 

 occur, they are usually filled up with stiff clay inundated during 

 the rains, and such places are more or less densely covered by thin 

 dry grass and sedges." 



" Hill Eng Forests. — These forests occupy the ridges of the 

 outer hill ranges of Martaban and Upper Tenasserim, where they 

 luxuriate either on Laterite formed by decomposition of the 

 underlying rock or on debris of metamorphic rocks. In general 

 aspect they agree with the Eng forests of the plains ; but numer- 

 ous trees occur in them, which are peculiar to them, or very rare 

 in those of the plains. The Eng tree {Dipterocarpus tuherculatusj 

 is still represented here, but is also often replaced by, or inter- 

 mixed with, two other wood-oil trees, viz., — D. costatus and D. 

 ohtusifolius. Other conspicuous trees are Engelhardtia villosa, 

 Quercus hrandisiana and Q. hancana, Pauma (Schima banca7ia), 

 Thit-say (Melanorrhoea glabra), Castanea trihuloides, Tristania 

 burmanica, Anneslea fragaiis, etc. Various trees of the true Eng 

 forests and sometimes of the drier hill forests associate, like 

 Doung-hsap-pya {Callicarpa arborea), Dillenia aurea, Rhus 

 javanica, Vernonia acuminata, etc." (" Introduction," Yol. I. 

 p. xxii). 



The above descriptions of the Burmese Dipterocarpus forests 

 will serve to show the unity of the vegetation ; and indeed with 

 the exception of the appearance of some new species, and the disap- 

 pearance of others with no great difference between them, there is 

 only one aspect for the flora between Borneo and Ceylon. 



Dammara Trees and Conifers. — Some of the varnish derived 

 from the Dipterocarpus trees goes by the name of Dammar, 

 which is a Malay term. There are several kinds of dammar, 

 but the one termed Dammar puti or batu (white or stone dammar) 



