334 AUSTRALIAN, SOUTH AFRICAN, AND INDIAN COAL-MEASURES, 



displacing entirely the preceding types of vegetation. These coal 

 measures are probably also represented at Hartley, Joadja Creek, 

 Mt. Kembla, &c. Upon these rest the Upper Marine Beds, 

 indicating another period of depression, and exhibiting a similar 

 fauna with the Lower, with coarse and fine conglomerates con- 

 taining striated boulders and yielding unmistakable evidence of 

 Glacial action. (These are regarded by Mr. T. Oldham of the 

 Indian Geological Survey as equivalents of the Talchirs.) Above 

 these Upper Marine (Carboniferous) beds come the Middle 

 Coal Measures, worked near East Maitland and at Rix's Creek, 

 Singleton. Then about 2000 feet of strata without workable 

 coal, and then again the Upper or Newcastle Coal Measures. 

 These Middle and Upper Coal Measures contain Glossopteris (8 

 si)ecies), Gangamoj^teris angustifolia, Phyllotheca Australis, Verte- 

 hraria Aitatralis, &c., with Urosthenes Australis. \Urosthenes is a 

 c'enus of Ganoids which occurs also in the Carboniferous of Britain 

 and North America, and not later. There seems therefore to be 

 no good reason for separating the Newcastle beds from the rest of 

 a series which is, up to its Upper Marine beds, undoubtedly 

 Carboniferous in the British sense.] 



It used to be assumed that the Hawkesbury formation immedi- 

 ately succeeded the Upper Coal Measures. Mr. Wilkinson, how- 

 ever, some years ago pointed out that on the right of the Shoal- 

 haven, near Jordan's crossing, the Coal Measures had been eroded 

 to a considerable extent before the deposition of the overlying 

 rocks. I myself had long ago observed at Bulli, Mount Victoria, 

 Hassan's Walls, &c., a series of red shales which appeared to 

 intervene between the Hawkesburys and the Coal Measures, and 

 had also noticed that a formation older than the Hawkesbury 

 cropped out from under it upon the coast near Narrabeen. This 

 I supposed to be the upper portion of the Coal Measures, and 

 mentioned it as such to Mr. Wilkinson, who with Mr. David 

 examined the ground, with the surprising result that these 

 Narrabeen beds turned out to be a portion of the Clarence 

 River series, yielding as they do, not Glossopteris, Gangamo})- 

 teris and Vertebraria, but Tceniojyteris Daintreei, Alethopteris 



