44 ELEMENTARY LESSONS ON INSECTS 



correspond in position to the ends of bands of 

 muscles within, 

 (b) The slender tibiae, each with a double row of 

 spines down the rear (which is, of course, the lower 

 side when these are set flat on the ground ready 

 for a leap), and with two pairs of clawlike spurs 

 across its tip. These claws take hold on the ground 

 at the final get-away. 

 4. The wings. Seize the fore wing by its front margin, 

 draw it forward, and hold it extended. Then in the 

 same manner draw the hind wing forward. Note how 

 it is folded. Compare the two wings in form, color, 

 size, and texture. The dry, horny fore wings of grass- 

 hoppers are called tegmina. 



In the abdomen observe: 



1. A longitudinal groove on either side. Just above this 

 groove, in each segment, is the opening of a breathing 

 pore (or spiracle). 



2. In the female on the ventral surface of the abdomen 

 there are eight visible segments. The abdomen ter- 

 minates in an ovipositor, having four stout points, which 

 are used for making holes in the ground for the re- 

 ception of eggs. The four points are repeatedly pressed 

 together, pushed into the ground, and there separated, 

 thus pressing the earth aside, until a hole is made of 

 sufficient depth, when the eggs are deposited in the 

 bottom. 



