166 ELEMENTARY LESSONS ON INSECTS 



them in piles, each pile containing apples that show one 

 kind of injury, with all sound and uninjured ones in a 

 separate pile. Then the extent of the damage done by each 

 kind of insect will be at once apparent. 



The scars and other blemishes upon the apples are the 

 signs that the enemies of the apple leave behind them. We 

 will first examine the scars as to their size, shape, depth, 

 color, and surface markings. We must remember that these 

 apples have been upon the tree since blossoming time in 

 May. During most of this time they have been small and 

 green and fuzzy, and much like the new shoots of the apple 

 in their sap content. Many of the scars are due to insects 

 that feed mainly upon the leaves and that bite into the 

 apples only incidentally, with no apparent preference for 

 the fruit. 



Then we will look inside the apples for further evidence. 

 Few of the insects will be present in the apples in the autumn ; 

 most of them will have done their damage earlier in the 

 season, and departed. There will be far more blemished 

 than wormy apples but there are at least two kinds of 

 "worms" that may still be found in the fruit: 



1. Small pinkish caterpillars, boring deeply into the core, 

 and depositing brown stuff along the sides of the burrow; 

 these are the larvae of the codling moth. 



2. Soft whitish headless apple maggots, that bore ir- 

 regularly through the flesh of the apple, mostly near the skin ; 

 these are the larvae of a fruit fly. 



We should remember also that an apple tree tends to 



