INSECT ENEMIES OF PRINCIPAL CROPS 169 



headless larvae burrow through the pulp very irregularly, 

 sucking up its juices, causing it to soften and turn brown 

 with decay; little superficial scarring (often unnoticed until 

 the apple is cut open) but sad results inside. A widely dis- 

 tributed and very injurious pest. 



7. The fruit tree leaf-roller: Damage is done by the larva 

 of a small moth; larva lives in a shelter of uprolled leaves 

 that are fastened together with threads of silk; it eats the 

 leaves; it also reaches out from its retreat to eat holes in 

 nearby apples; eats deeply; scars bronzy in color, some part 

 usually showing a narrow deep excavation. 



8. The green fruit-worm: Damage by larva, a naked 

 caterpillar; feeds restlessly about eating many small apples, 

 and biting into many more; makes broad shallow scars, that 

 often show tooth-marks at their margin. 



9. The white-marked tussock-moth: Damage by moth 

 larva, a caterpillar with tufted hairs; feeds shallowly while 

 roaming about, often feeds in several places on the same 

 apple; scars shallow, irregular, but showing narrow lobes 

 that mark feeding tracts. 



10. The bud moth: Damage by little caterpillars (of later 

 broods than those that infest the buds in earliest spring). 

 The larva feeds beneath a web of silk spun against a leaf; 

 normally it eats leaves; but when its sheltering leaf lies 

 against an apple, it attaches the leaf to the apple by means 

 of threads of silk, and eats minute holes in the skin of the 

 apple ; the leaf still adheres to the skin of the apple at picking 



