170 ELEMENTARY LESSONS ON INSECTS 



time; when removed, the holes appear on a paler area that 

 has been bleached by the leaf's shadow. 



11. The pistol-case bearer: Damage is done by the larva 

 of a small moth; larva makes a portable case out of bits of 

 leaf fragments and carries it about on its back; feeds mainly 

 on the leaves, but now and then on young fruit; eats a small 

 hole through the apple skin; sticks its head in through the 

 hole and feeds under the skin in all directions as far as it 

 can reach without letting go its case. Scars circular, often 

 several on one fruit, differing in size because they stretch 

 with the growth of the fruit, and the smaller ones are those 

 made later in the season. 



12. The apple miner: Damage by the larva of a very 

 minute moth ; the flat yellowish larva eats a narrow passage 

 way, or "mine," close to the surface; mine shows through 

 the transparent skin, cylindric, winding, with a dark line 

 down the center. Not common, but easily recognized when 

 present; little damage — mainly disfigurement. 



It is to be borne in mind while we are studying this motley 

 apple crop that not all the scars that appear on apples are 

 caused by insects. There are frost cracks; there are me- 

 chanical injuries, such as rents in the skin made by hail- 

 stones; there are surfaces that are roughened by continual 

 rubbing against boughs; there are chemical injuries to the 

 skin, due to lime or strong arsenicals applied as sprays; and 

 there are fungous injuries in great variety caused by apple 

 scab. Among all these, the scars caused by insects will 

 generally be recognizable by the constant recurrence of the 



