AGARDHIA. 131 



many other named forms. There are 8 Tertiary species. Of 

 the recent species, I have not seen specimens of A. valsabina, 

 A. stenostoma, A. truncatella formosa, and A. t. skipetarica; 

 also many named forms of other species are known to me only 

 by the descriptions. 



Nomenclature. — Sphy radium of Charpentier, sometimes 

 used for this group, was a miscellaneous assemblage, given 

 definite meaning when von Martens nominated a species of 

 Orcula as its type- The group Sphyradium Hartm. contained 

 only Pupa ferrari Porro ; that species therefore is the type of 

 Coryna West, and Agardhia Gude, proposed as substitutes. 

 Coryna for a beetle was not mentioned by Billberg in the 

 nominative case, as the rules require, but the name came into 

 general use in proper form before the date of Westerlund's 

 work. Bhytidochasma Wagner is clearly a synonym of Agard- 

 hia, as Hesse has already recognized, since it included the 

 type of that group and its immediate allies. 



Palaeontology. — Agardhia appeared in the upper Mio- 

 cene of central Europe and continued in the Pliocene of 

 France and northern Italy in forms similar to the living group 

 of A. biplicata. A. pseudoennea is somewhat less specialized 

 than the long recent forms by having fewer whorls; but no 

 primitive species of Agardhia have yet been found. The 

 reference of these Tertiary forms to the genus Ennea (as in 

 Conchylien Cabinet, Enneidae, 1905, p. 348) was doubtless 

 due to insufficient comparisons with the biplicata group of 

 Agardhia. 



The Miocene subgenus Paracoryna Flach contains small 

 species with fewer, more convex whorls than Agardhia, with- 

 out teeth or having a small, short parietal tooth only. W. 

 Wenz has with good reason expressed doubt whether P. retusa 

 and P. aperta are related to Agardhia. The group may prob- 

 ably belong to Pupillincc or perhaps to the Vertiginincc. If 

 related to Agardhia, it can only be regarded as the terminus 

 of a lateral phyletic line, far from the main line of descent, 

 since it is likely that the ancestor of Agardhia was a 5- or 6- 

 toothed snail. The resemblance to the A. truncatella group 



