PAGODULINA. 167 



the microscopically pitted iy 2 embryonic whorls. Aperture 

 having a reflected lip, the outer margin bent in and often 

 thickened in the middle, otherwise toothless. An obliquely 

 descending eolumellar lamella, a long palatal fold and a spiral 

 lamella above are within the ventral side of the last whorl. 

 The animal has very short lower tentacles and carries the 

 shell horizontally. 



Type P. pagodula Desm. Distribution, southern and east- 

 ern Alps and adjacent mountainous regions ; Caucasus. 



Paleontology. — The single species described from the Upper 

 Pliocene is a typical Pagodulina with strongly developed 

 palatal fold and lip-thickening. 



Pagodulina bellardii (Sacco). Pupa bellardii Sacco, 

 Nuove sp. foss. Moll. lac. terr. in Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino, 

 xix, 1884, p. 353, pi. 8, f. 12; Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, 

 CI. Fis. Mat. e Nat. (2), xxxvii, p. 198, pi. 2, f. 5a-b.—Pago- 

 dina bellardii Sacco, I Moll. terr. terz. Piemonte e Liguria, 

 pt. xxii, 1897, p. 69, pi. 6, f. 2, 3. Upper Pliocene, Astien: 

 Fossano. 



0. Reinhardt has stated that P. pagodula has no lamellae or 

 folds in the young stages (Jahrb. D. M. Ges., 1877, p. 281; 

 Nachrbl., 1914, p. 74). The young shell has an open, per- 

 spective umbilicus, so that the shell of 3 or 4 whorls looks 

 like a miniature Solarium. The internal folds of the adult 

 stage are formed only on completion of the last whorl. In P. 

 subdola I find a stout but deeply immersed prominence on 

 the columella (pi. 21, fig. 4), but no other lamella? or folds 

 in immature shells of 6V2 to 7 whorls. 



Pagodulina has generally been understood to contain only 

 one Recent species, P. pagodula, with several named varieties. 

 Aside from the unfigured and little known P. bourguignati 

 Cout., not seen by me, and of uncertain status, the series ex- 

 amined appears divisible into three species: (1) the common 

 P. pagodula; (2) the Caucasian P. lederi, well distinguished 

 by its close, fine sculpture; (3) P. subdola of the eastern and 

 southern Alps and their outliers, distinguished from both of 

 the preceding by the presence of a lower-palatal fold, ventral 

 in position, below the usual long palatal fold. 



