COLUMELLA. 237 



Pupa edentula Drapaenaud, Hist. Nat. Moll. terr. fluv. 

 France, 1805, p. 59, pi. 3, f. 28, 29.— Pfr., Monogr. Hel. Viv., 

 ii, p. 305; iii, 531; iv, 662; vi, 300; viii, 361 (see for older 

 references). — Kuester, Conchyl. Cab., Pupa, p. 116, pi. 15, f. 

 19, 20. — Westerlund, Fauna, p. 125. — Pupa (Columella) 

 edentula Kobelt, Iconographie (2), viii, p. 96, pi. 236, f. 

 1512-3. — Isthmia edentula Drap., Locard, Catal. Gener. Moll. 

 Viv. France, 1882, p. 177. — Sphyradium edentulum Boettger, 

 Bericht Senck. Nat. Ges., 1889, p. 25 (Caucasus). — Kennard 

 and Woodward, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., iii, p. 190 (British 

 Pliocene). — Hjrase, The Conchol. Mag., iii, pi. 9, f. 36 

 (Japan). — Columella edentula Drap., H. Watson, Proc. 

 Malac. Soc, xv, 1923, p. 275, fig. on p. 279 (anatomy). 



Helix exigua Studer in Coxe, Travels in Switzerland, iii, 

 1789, p. 386, a nude name, but said by Hartniann to be P. 

 edentula. 



Vertigo nitida Ferussac, Tabl. Syst., 1821, p. 64, new name 

 for Pupa edentula Drap. 



1 Turbo offtonensis Sheppard, Linnean Trans., xiv, 1823, 

 p. 155. 



Alcoa nitida Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, xvi, pp. 

 358, 515. 



Alcea revoluta Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, xvi, 

 1830, pp. 359, 515. 



Vertigo lepidula Held, Isis, 1837, p. 307 ("V. edentula 

 Pfr. not Drap."). 



The shape, tapering above the penult or the last whorl, dis- 

 tinguishes this widely-spread species from C. columella. The 

 first three measurements given above represent the usual size ; 

 Draparnaud's type, according to the size-figure, was 2.5 mm. 

 Smaller ones, as in the fourth measurement, are rare in the 

 European series before me. 



In Europe, Columella edentula is generally distributed 

 south to the Mediterranean, while C. columella is Alpine and 

 boreal. America was colonized from the stock of the cool 

 north, and C. edentula does not appear to have become 

 adapted to warm southern states. 



The Japanese specimens do not appear to differ from the 

 typical European form. The localities are : Akkashi, Kushiro ; 

 Hakusan, Kaga; Kiyotaki, Omi, all collected by Y. Hirase. 

 At present this area is widely separated from other recorded 

 localities. 



