238 COLUMELLA. 



Dall has reported edentula from Petropavlovsk, Kamchatka ; 

 but as he did not consider the allied C. columella, the exact 

 form found there remains uncertain. 



According to Clessin (Malak. BL, n. F., v, 1882, p. 6), C. 

 edentula lives in damp places, near springs or damp, shady 

 woods. In rainy weather they ascend smooth-barked trees, 

 but few old shells are to be found. In late winter (February) 

 he found them abundant on fresh shoots of Spiraea filipendula, 

 still an inch below the dead-leaf covered earth. It lives in 

 rather than upon the soil. Hugh L. Orr (in the Irish Natur- 

 alist, xi, 1902, 173) found C. edentula in June on furze bushes, 

 which he was beating for beetles. Charles Oldham (Journ. 

 of Conch., viii, 1895, p. 190) records finding great numbers 

 on the broad leaves of Tussilago petasites, often 2y 2 to 3 feet 

 from the ground, growing in a damp spot in a wood in 

 Cheshire. Jeffreys, in British Conchology, i, p. 269, reports 

 it from among dead leaves, on the trunks of trees and fronds 

 of ferns. Von Martens (Sb. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl., 1903, 399) 

 found it in abundance sticking on the undersides of leaves of 

 young maples. 



Columella edentula turritella (West.). PI. 30, fig. 8. Shell 

 conic, tapering from the base, the whorls from the first to the 

 fifth slowly increasing, none of them equal. Sweden ; Bavaria 

 (Westerlund). 



Pupa inornata var., Clessin, Malak. BL, xx, 1873, p. 55, pi. 

 4, f. 10 (Isar debris at Munich). — Pupa inornata Mich. var. 

 turritella Westerlund, Malak. BL, xxii, 1875, pp. 127, 131. — 

 Edentulina edentula var. turritella West., Clessin, Moll. 

 Oesterreich-Ungarns, 1887, p. 262, fig. 161 (Switzerland and 

 the Tyrol). — Pupa edentula Drap. var. "turricula Cless.," 

 Boettger, Jahrb. D. M. Ges., vi, 1879, p. 415 (Reichenhall, 

 very abundant). 



Columella edentula nana (Boettger) . PL 30, fig. 5. Smaller 

 and narrower, 2.4 mm. high, 1.2 wide, with 6 whorls. Cau- 

 casus: Kasbek (Bttg.). 



Pupa (Columella) edentula Drap., f. nana Boettger, Jahrb. 

 D. M. Ges., vii, 1880, p. 139, pi. 4, f. 9. 



