512 Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition. 



A fiat, broad bridge of unioii (VIII), connectiiif; tlio otlierwisf separate first, secoiid, third, and seveiitli lobules, ruiis out- 

 wards from the two latter towards the two fornier. It is tolerably smooth, and flrmly adherent throughout to the vena 

 Cava. From its positioii, and beiiig in some respects an appendage to the lobus Spigelius, as likewise its being situate betwecn 

 the here indefinite transverse fissure, cystie lobe, and divisions to the right of that, it appears to be homologous with tlie 

 socalled lobus caudatus of Man (C). 



Guided partly by the determination of both the above-nientioned anatomists on diverse Mammalian forms, and partly 

 by a fresh consideration of the eorrespoiiding component parts in the human liver — the same organ in the Eared Seal, 

 though greatly segnicnted, may be said to possess perfectly homologous constituciits. That is to say, there is a right, a 

 left, a quadrate, a Spigehan, and a caudate lobe, — each of the two former being cut into segments, the right lobe of human 

 anatomy possessing what Owen has aptly termed a cystie lobe or division. Taking the broad ligament Suspensorium 

 hepatis as the line of demarcation, the four divisions to the right of it and above the enlarged venous sinus would together 

 be equivalent to the right lobe of human anatomy. If, however, the parts be read eontrariwise, what are here separate 

 portions, have coalesced in those animals wherein the hepatic organ is simpler in conformation. 



b. Hepatic 1) u c t s , Ligaments, and G a 1 1 - b 1 a d d c r. — The very separate condition of the numerous 

 lobes of the liver influences the distribution of the hepatic ducts. A brauch (No. 1) of considerable calibre, and 2,3 inches 

 long, emerges from the innermost protuberant angle of the sixth lobe, and passes towards the right side, in what represents 

 the transverse fissure of human anatomy. A very short, narrow brauch (2), 0,3 inch in length comes from the diminutive 

 and almost free lobule lying at tlie root of the cystie lobe, and joins the above-mentioned duet. These continue together 

 about 0,2 inch, when a third duct pours its Contents into the above conjoined one. This third brauch (3) issues from the 

 sinistral portion of the cystie lobe, is an inch long, and of equal diameter to tliat already spokcn of as Coming from the 

 left lobe. A fourth adjunct carries the secreted bile from the irregularly shaped, nearly free lobule lying upon the immense 

 vena cava. This brauch (4) rolls round tlie hepatic artery, and crosses it from the left towards the right, terminating in the 

 common tube forincd by the three ducts akeady described, and about half an incli from them. At about the same distance 

 furtlier ou a fifth brauch (ö), that sent oft' by the right moiety of lobule of the cleft cystie lobe, adds its Contents to the 

 united main trunk. This Channel veers to the right and passes underneath the cj^stie duct, but without here joining it. 

 1,8 inch from where it received its last or fifth brauch, it unites at a wide angle with a single capacious brauch (6) Coming 

 from the right. This sixth division is the product of two branches — one, the wider, issuing from the right lobe, and the 

 other, the narrower, from the adjoining lobule. .\fter the junction of the large trunk from the right side with that from 

 the left, the single wide hepatic duct (hd), still keeping to the right of the cystie duct, runs parallel with it for half au inch, 

 then joins to form the ductus communis choledochus (dcli), 



The gall-bladder is an elongated, slender-necked, pyriform sac. When distended it is 3,8 inches long and 1,8 inch 

 in diameter at widest. It lies in the deep cleft or fissure separating the cystie lobe iuto a right and a left division. A liga- 

 ment passing across the gall-bladder, about its middle, connects and binds it with the third and fourth hepatic lobules. The 

 cystie duct itself is 3,2 inches long, and the ductus communis choledochus 2,3 inches. This last, the commun bileduct, 

 externally appears to terminate in the intestine on its upper surface, about two and a half inches distant from the jjyloric 

 orifice. There, however, it only pierces the outer fibro-serous wall, but does not penetrate the mucous coat for two inches 

 further on, where it opens in a senülunar slit-shaped uianner. The reservoir, or expansion, is increased by an additional 

 c u 1 - d e - s a c extending backwards underneath the Channel of ingress for almost half an inch. 



The broad ligament, or suspensory peritoneal fold, as it proceeds from the diaphragm towards the liver, is attached 

 to the imraensely distended vena cava of the left side: it continues towards the incision dividing the third from the fourth 

 lobe. The round ligament, as usual situated at the anterior margin of the broad hgament, enters what may represent the 

 longitudinal fissure, namely that to the left of the cystie lobe, or cleft between the third and fourth lobes, where it joins 

 the vena cava. In the preseut instance this remnant of the foetal circulation was obliterated close to the vein, at the point 

 where a cross brauch was sent to the third and another to the fourth lobe. The right lateral ligament is attached to a 

 small portion of the upper surface of the right or first lobe, and near to its outer border. Posterioriy it joins the coronary 

 ligament. The left lateral ligament, thicker thau the right, comes from the diaphragm, close to the cardiac orifice of the 

 stomach, and goes to the u])per edge of the left lobe. The left end of the gastro-hepatic Omentum joins at right angles on 

 Its right face, whence the left lateral ligament is continued onwards to the lower and inferior surface of the left capacious 

 Vena cava. The coronary ligament, traced from right to left, is attached to the posterior surface of the enlarged right vena 

 cava, and passes along, between the vein and the diaphragm, to where the ascending vena cava penetratcs the diaphragm. 

 Opposite the right lobe of the hver it is joined at right angles witli the right lateral hgament. .Vronnd and behind the 

 right surface of the left venous reservoir the coronary ligament joins the left lateral ligament. 



c. Spleen, M e s e n t e r i c G 1 a n d s , and P a n c r e a s. — The spieen is a flat, elongated, tongue-shaped 

 organ, which lies behind and across the stomach, rather to the cardiac side of its middle. Its upper end has a rounded 

 head and a beak-Iike process, which last is directed towards the left extremity of tlie stomach. The middle of the spieen 



