58 CENTIPEDES 



and the number of antennal segments and teeth on the maxilli- 

 pedes also increases. The time taken to complete the various 

 stages differs considerably, the second being 10 to 14 days, the 

 third 80 to 84 days. The whole development from egg to mature 

 centipede requires about three years, so that larval and immature 

 centipedes are usually found together with sexually mature forms. 

 In Scutigera coleoptrata the larvae hatch with four pairs of legs 

 and there are five more larval stages with 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13 pairs 

 of legs respectively. This anamorphic stage is succeeded by an 

 epimorphic one of four adolescent stages each with fifteen pairs of 

 legs. The first three larval stages require about three weeks for 

 their completion. Centipedes are long-lived creatures and speci- 

 mens oi Lithobtus forficatus have been known to live for up to 5 to 6 

 years (Verhoeff, 1937a, b). 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 



Identification 



Attems, C. G. (1926) Progoneata, Chilopoda in Kukenthal, W. & 



Krumbach, T. Handhuch der Zoologie, Berlin, 4, (1-4), 1-402. 

 (1928) The Myriapoda of South Africa. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 26, 



1-431. 



(1929) Myriapoda, Geophilomorpha. Das Tierreich, Sl^ 1-388 



(1930) Chilopoda, Scolopendromorpha. Ibid., 54, 1-308. 



Blower, G. (1955) Yorkshire centipedes. Naturalist, 1955, 137-46. 

 Brade-Birks, S. G. (1939) Notes on Myriapoda XXXVI. Sources for 



description and illustration of the British fauna. J. S-E. Agric. Coll. 



I^>;e, No. 44, 156-79. 

 Brolemann, W. H. (1932) Chilopodes. Faune de France, 25, 1-405. 

 Chamberlin, R. V. (1920) The Myriapoda of the Australian region. 



Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool, 64, 1-269. 

 Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L. (1952) Collecting centipedes and milli- 

 pedes. Bull. Amat. Ent. Soc, 11, 5-8. 

 Latzel, R. (1880) Die Myriopoden der Oesterreichish-Ungarischen 



Monarchic. 1. Die Chilopoden. Wien. 

 Verhoeff, K. W. (1902-28) Chilopoda in H. G. Bronn's Klass. Ordn. 



Tierreichs, 5, II (1), 1-725. 

 Wang, Y. M. (1951) The Myriapoda of the Philippine Islands. Serica 1, 



1-80. 



Biology 



Auerbach, S. I. (1951) The centipedes of the Chicago area with special 

 reference to their ecology. Ecol. Monogr., 21, 97-124. 



