266 



INDEX 



167; Oken on, 159-160; and form, 161; 



analogy in, 190; Linnaeus on, 210, 211; 



Cuvier on, 216-217; Lamarck on, 218- 



219; Owen on, 227-228; Milne-Edwards 



on, 231; von Siebold and Stannius on, 



232-233; Vogt on, 256 

 Osteology, 236 



Oviparous animals, 77, 88nll7 

 Owen, Richard: publications of, S0n42, 



47n64, 99nl28, 107nl38, 196n38, 227; 



classification of, 227-230; mentioned, 99, 



107, 110 



Paleontology: and rank of animals, 8n6, 

 105-106, 110-115; and types of animals, 

 27-29, 99-100, 115-116; and determina- 

 tion of species, 66-67; history of, 95; 

 notable studies in, 95nl22, 95nl23, lOln- 

 133; and catastrophism, 102-104; and 

 embryolog)', 110-115. See also Fossils; 

 Geology 



Pander, Heinrich C: contributions to cm- 

 bryology, 245; publication of, 245n52 



Parasites, 124-127 



Peirce, Benjamin: publication of, 128nl49; 

 and law of phyllotaxis, 128-130 



Peripheric type, 247-248 



Phyllotaxis, law of, 128-130 



Physical agents: influence of on organized 

 beings denied, 10, 14-21 passim, 24, 36, 

 41, 43n57, 46, 47, 48, 55-58, 61-64 passim, 

 68-73 passim, 98, 123, 127, 134; uniform- 

 ity of, 15, 98, 137; and origin of life, 

 15-16, 18-19; influence on secondary 

 characters, 19-20; and geographical dis- 

 tribution, 42-43; and immutability of 

 species, 59-60n77; and embryology, 88- 

 89; and duration of life, 90-91 and alter- 

 nate generation, 94; and fossils, 100-101; 

 and successive creation, 101-104; and 

 parasitism, 126. See also Deity 



Physiophilosophy. See Naturphilosophie 



Pictet, Francois: publication of, 96nl26; 

 mentioned, 102 



Placoids, 165 



Planets: revolutions of and phyllotaxis, 

 128-130 



Plan of structure: independence of phys- 

 ical influences, 19; identity of in ani- 

 mals, 20-21, 40-49; characteristic of 

 branches, 22-23, 31, 137-138, 144-147; 

 four distinct types of, 23; defined from 

 earliest times, 28; and geographical dis- 

 tribution, 48; importance in classifica- 

 tion, 145-149, 158-159, 234-235; and 



embryology, 184; Cuvier on, 197-198, 

 215-216, 251n58; de Blainville on, 221- 

 222; von Baer on, 247n54; mentioned, 

 27-28, 198, 257. See also Animals; 

 Branches; Classification 



Plants: plan of structure in, 20; geograph- 

 ical distribution of, 43, 120; relation to 

 environment, 65; geological succession 

 of, 94-99; fossil forms of, 97, 109-110; 

 classification of, 109-110, 155, 168, 254; 

 compared to animals, 122-123, 168; para- 

 sitic forms of, 123; parasites of, 124; leaf 

 arrangement and planetary revolutions, 

 128-130; morphology of, 132; communi- 

 ties of, 167-168 



Polymorphism, 92nl20, 174, 176 



Polyps: geographical distribution of, 35, 

 48; connected series in, 53; embryology 

 of, 78-79, 93, 111; classification of, 105- 

 106, 150-152, 156, 165; communities of, 

 168; analogy in, 189-190; anatomy of, 

 198n2; homology in, 198n2; mentioned, 

 52. 33, 181, 202-205 passim, 214, 217, 219, 

 253 



Powell, Baden, publications of, 5n3, 10n8, 

 15nl6, 60n77 



Progressive types, 116 



Prophetic types, 115-117 



Proteus anguinus, 17 



Protozoa, 81, 199, 200, 202, 233, 257 



Pterodictyles, 116, 117 



Pteropods, 204 



Purkinje, Jan E., publications of, 77nl03 



Quadrumana, 46-47, 48 



Radiaria, 218 



Radiata: plan of, 20; homology in, 21-23, 

 153; classification of, 31, 32, 105, 145-146, 

 150-151, 202-204; geographical distribu- 

 tion of, 34-35, 40, 41-43; size of, 55, 57; 

 embryology of, 78-79; analogy in, 189, 

 191-192; mentioned, 6, 26, 197, 199, 200, 

 204, 205, 214, 222, 226, 228, 229, 255 



Rathke, Martin, Heinrich, publication of, 

 87nll6 



Reaumur, Rene Antoine de: publication 

 of, 65n92, mentioned, 144 



Reptiles: blind species of, 17; of North 

 America and Japan, 17; organs of, 18; 

 geographical distribution of, 35, 48, 49- 

 52, 121; size of, 54, 56, 57; embryology of, 

 83-84, 113-114; growth of, 89; orders of, 

 164, 207; analogy in, 189-190; Linnxus 

 on, 211-212; mentioned, 20, 32, 216, 222, 

 227, 244 



