LARVAL FORMS OF COLEOPTERA 



to the Carabinae and to the Chlaeniiiiae, and between this latter 

 subfamily and the Licininae is an unmistakable affinity. The 

 Bembidiinae, as limited here according to the larvae, represent 

 a natural and well defined subfamily, but the Sphodrinae, Bros- 

 cinae, and Dyschiriinae, all of which have but one claw on each 

 tarsus like the Bembidiinae, come near to this group. Regardless of 

 a significant lack of similarity with the whole bembidiine associa- 

 tion in the number of claws, the Scaritinae may join it, and the 

 Elaphrinae which like the Scaritinae have two claws on each 

 tarsus, are unquestionably related to this latter subfamily. Another 

 association of subfamilies is formed by the Pterostichinae, Amari- 

 nae, and Harpalinae. Connected wdth this group is the subfamily 

 Patrobinae, which in the larval stage has no connection whatsoever 

 with the Bembidiinae but is difficult to separate from the Ptero- 

 stichinae. The larvae of the genera Glyptus from Africa (pi. 4 I) 

 and Orthogonius from India and Africa are termitophilous, blind, 

 with a more or less bottle-shaped, fleshy, soft-skinned body, short 

 legs with but one claw, and no urogomphi. According to the im- 

 agines, their systematic position is with the Amarinae and Har- 

 palinae. 



Key to Subfamilies 



1. Ligula almost absent and entirely without setae. (Polymorphic 



metamorphosis; body often degraded because of parasitism) 



Lehiinae (Lehia, Brachinns, and 

 possibly Pheropsoph us ) -" 

 Ligula with setae 2 



2. Tenth abdominal segment with two protrusile prominences car- 



rying a series of scansorial hooks ; with a single exception, 

 claws having a round or tooth-shaped enlargement at base. 



Dromiinae {Dromucs, Demet- 

 r i a s , Euprocfus, Calleida, 

 Philophnga, P I o c h i o n u s, 

 Cymindis, and Onota) 



'^'^ Brack in us janihinipennis Dejean is ectoparasitic in all larval 

 stages on the pupa of Dineutes americanus Say {=assimilis Kirby) 

 and pupates inside the mud cocoon of its host (Dimmock, G., and 

 Knab, F., Springfield Museum of Natural History, Bui. 1, 1904). 

 Lehia scapularis Fourcro}* is ectoparasitic on the larva and i^upa of 

 Galerucella luteola Miiller ; while feeding, the parasite is inside a 

 sort of capsule (Silvestri, F., Redia, vol. 2, 1904). Lehia chloro- 

 cepJiala Hoffman is not parasitic (Rosenberg, E., Entom. Medd., ser. 

 2, vol. 2, 1903 — Larvae of Lebiini and Odacanthini). Pheropsophus 

 liispanicus Dejean is probably not parasitic (Emden, F. von, Sup- 

 plementa Entomologica, no. 8, 1919). 



19 



