THE NEW GENEALOGICAL TREE 361 



Plasmodium (as we usually call the polykaryonic state), or so 

 that the whole polykaryonic mass disintegrates into the mono- 

 cellular, and thus simply cellular, parts or individuals. 



On the other hand comparatively few cases can be found 

 among the Protozoa s. str, where permanent unions (colonies, 

 cormi) appear as a consequence of successive divisions (palin- 

 tomy, according to Sachwatkin). If we exclude the Ciliata, we 

 can find such formations of colonies among the more primitive 

 Flagellata. As far as I know there does not occur even a single 

 case among the Protozoa below the Ciliata where even a 

 slightest trace of a polymorphism can be observed among the 

 members (zooids or persons) of the colonies of Flagellata, 

 neither can we find any differentiation into the purely vegetative 

 and into the sexually active zooids. The Ciliata on the other 

 hand can sometimes be found to develop colonies. In these colo- 

 nies the zooids had developed mutual organic connections by 

 means of stems, and here we can also find a slight differentia- 

 tion of zooids even if it appears in their sexual characteristics 

 only. So far nobody has ever thought of deriving the Metazoa 

 from such "colonies" of Ciliata. 



The Transition from the Protozoan to the 

 Metazoan State 



Thus it appears that the main line of evolution had in all 

 probablity proceeded, as far as we can establish this on the 

 basis of our present positive knowledge, from the Crypto- 

 monada (according to E. C. Dougherty) by way of Chryso- 

 monadina (Cuenot) to the Zoofiagellata (Mastigophora) with 

 the Bodonidea or quite generally Protomonadina (according 

 to Cuenot and Grasse) at the beginning. Here a rich ramifica- 

 tion can be observed. It had led to the emergence of the Rhizo- 

 poda or the Sarcodina, and the two parasitic groups which are 

 usually united in our classifications under the name Sporozoa 

 in spite of the fact that they had evolved at least diphyletically. 



