no THE STUDY OF INSECTS 



TABLE FOR DETERMINING THE FAMILIES OF THE HOMOPTERA 



A. Beak evidently arising from the head; tarsi three-jointed; antennae minute, 

 bristle-like. 

 B. With three ocelli, and the males with musical organs. Usually large insects, 



with .-ill the wings entirely membranous, p. i 10 Cicadid/E 



BB. ( kvlli only two in number or wanting; males without musical organs. 



C. Antennae inserted on the sides of the cheeks beneath the eyes. p. 113 



Fulgorid^e 



CC. Antenna' inserted in front of and between the eyes. 

 I '. 1'rothorax not prolonged above the abdomen. 

 E. Hind tibiae armed with one or two stout teeth, and the tip crowned with 



short, stout spines, p. 1 1 1 Cercopid^e 



EE. Hind tibiae having a row of spines below, p. 112 CicadelliDjE 



DD. Prothorax prolonged into a horn or point above the abdomen, p. 112 



Mkmbracid/e 



AA. Beak apparently arising from between the front legs, or absent; tarsi one- or 

 two-jointed; antennae usually prominent and threadlike, sometimes wanting. 

 B. Tarsi usually two-jointed; wings when present four in number. 

 C. Wings transparent. 



D. Hind legs fitted for leaping; antennae nine- or ten-jointed, p. 114 



Chermid.e 



DD. Legs long and slender, not fitted for leaping; antennae three- to seven- 

 jointed, p. 114 and 118 Aphidid^e and Phylloxerid.e 



CC. Wings opaque, whitish; wings and body covered with a whitish 



powder, p. 1 18 Aleyrodioe 



BB. Tarsi usually one-jointed; adult male without any beak, and with only 

 two wjfigs; female wingless, with the body either scale-like or gall-like in 

 form, or grub-like and clothed with wax. The waxy covering may be in the 

 form of powder, of large tufts or plates, of a continuous layer, or of a thin 

 scale beneath which the insect lives, p. 119 Coccid^e 



Family Cicadid^e 



The Cicadas 



The large size and well-known songs of the more common species of 

 this family render them familiar objects. It is only necessary to refer to 

 the periodical cicada and to the harvest-flies, one of which is represented 

 by Figure 182, to give an idea of the more striking 

 characteristics of this family. 



The species are generally of large size, with a 

 subcorneal body. The head is wide and blunt, with 

 prominent eyes on the outer angles, and three bead- 

 like ocelli arranged in a triangle between the eyes. 

 They are notable for the complex musical organs of 

 of the males with which they produce their so-called 

 song, a loud, sustained, usually high-pitched noise 

 emitted during the warm days of summer. There 

 are over seventy species of cicadas in our fauna. 



They are several species of cicadas that are 

 commonly known as dog-day cicadas or harvest-flies ; 

 a common one of these is the species that has re- 

 ceived the popular name of the lyreman; this is 

 Tibicen linnet (Fig. 182). The shrill crv of this 



Fig. ito.-TMcenlmnei. spccies> wWch ig the most prominent of the various 



insect sounds heard during the latter part of the summer, has made its 

 author familiar to many. This insect varies both in size and colors. It 



