SOCIAL LIFE 



235 



vm. 



Fig. 60B. — Vespa rufa and V. austriaca. i, Face of typical male 

 V. rufa\ I., face of typical male V. austriaca ; 2-5, series of male rufa 

 faces approaching austriaca-. II.-V., series of male austriaca faces 

 approaching rufa, X 4. 6, Male armature of V. rufa (ventral view) ; 

 VI., of V. austriaca; {st, stipes; sa, sagittae ; a, internal, b, terminal 

 process of stipes), X 8. 7, internal stipital process of male V. rufa\ 

 VII., of V. austriaca^ X 16. 8, Terminal stipital process of typical 

 V, rufa ; VI 1 1., of F. austriaca ; 9 and 10 of rufa approaching austriaca ; 

 IX. and X., of aw^fnaca approaching rw/a, X 28. After H. G. Cuth- 

 bert {Irish Nat. vi. 1897) and Carpenter and Pack-Beresford {lb. xii, 

 1903)- 



of which no workers are certainly known, such as V. austriaca 

 (Figs. 60A and 6ob) in Europe including the British Islands, and 

 V. arctica in boreal North America. It has been well known, 

 since the observations of J. W. Robson (1898), that queens 

 and males of V. austriaca are reared in nests of the common 

 V. rufa, to which it is generally believed to stand in the 

 relation of inquiline to host. The American V. arctica is 



