CLASSIFICATION 315 



Sub-order ii. PLANIPENNIA 



The Lacewing, Golden-eye, Antlion flies and their 

 allies have wings with more complex neuration, and 

 the larvae have their jaws slender, curved, and grooved, 

 specially adapted for sucking the juices of weaker 

 insects on which they prey. 



Orderly. MECOPTERA 



The Scorpion-flies and allied families have the head 

 prolonged in front into a beak at the tip of which is the 

 mouth with its biting jaws. The wings are long and narrow, 

 both pairs closely alike in form and neuration ; there are 

 short abdominal cercopods and (in the females) a long 

 ovipositor. The larvae (Fig. 78) are of the caterpillar type 

 with eight pairs of abdominal pro-legs in addition to the 

 six normal thoracic legs. 



Order 18. TRICHOPTERA 



The Caddis-flies have no mandibles ; they suck liquids 

 with their maxillae and labium. They have membranous 

 hairy wings with typical longitudinal neuration and few 

 cross-nervules ; the hindwings are shorter and broader 

 than the fore wings, with an anal area. There are no 

 cercopods. The larvae (" caddis- worms ") have strong 

 mandibles and long legs ; they live under water, sheltering 

 in protective cases of plant-fragments, or stones spun 

 together by silk, and breathe by threadlike abdominal gills. 

 The pupae have strong mandibles and rise to the surface 

 before emergence of the flies. 



Order 19. LEPIDOPTERA 



Moths and Butterflies have, as a rule, no mandibles, and 

 the maxillae are specialised, elongated, and grooved to form 

 a flexible sucking trunk (Fig. 9). The body and wings are 

 covered with flattened scales, and the neuration is mainly 

 longitudinal. The fore wing is markedly longer than the 



