THE AMPHIBIA OF OKLAHOMA 



many plants protruding through surface. Permanence and turbidity seem to 

 have no influence. Seldom in flowing water, never in water with strong cur- 

 rent, although sometimes in shallows along edges of creeks or rivers. Excep- 

 tionally in prairie pools near woodland or ravines connecting to woodland. 

 Breeding pattern, mesic. (Figs. 16, 27, 28, 29, 30.) 



13. Microhyla caroVinetisis carolinensis (Holbrook) (Southern Narrowmouth 



Toad) 

 Restricted in Oklahoma to the eastern portion from Delaware and cen- 

 tral Cherokee counties, central Latimer to eastern Choctaw counties and east- 

 ward of these. Uncertain in the Arkansas River Valley of Sequoyah County 

 but present at Fort Smith, Arkansas. Intergrades with A/, c. oUvacea at least 

 in Latimer County. Breeding has been observed in Oklahoma, in warm, 

 shallow, well vegetated pools in May and June; once its tadpoles were found 

 in a turbid, shallow cattle tank. Several congresses have been heard or seen 

 in bright afternoons although nocturnal congresses also occur. Breeding pat- 

 tern mesic. (Figs. 6 and 7.) 



14. Microhyla carolinensis olivacea (Hallowell) (Northern Narrowmouth 



Toad) 

 This subspecies replaces A/, c. carolinensis west of the latter's range in 

 Oklahoma but is present with it at Fort Smith, Arkansas. Within its range 

 it seems little restricted ecologically except that it rarely or never occurs on 

 lower levels of extensive flood plains. It breeds in any water which is (1) 

 temporary, (2) shallow to intermediate, (3) intermediate to warm, and (4) 

 with no current. It is most abundant in well-vegetated pools, especially if 

 vegetation is protruding through the surface. Breeding pattern, xeric. (Figs. 

 10, 16, 18, 19, 23, 28, 29, 30.) 



15. Pseudacris clarkji (Baird) (Spotted Chorus Frog) 



Ecologically restricted to the grasslands community or present in smaller 

 numbers in very open savannah or in islands of prairie in thicker savannahs. 

 Never present in real woodland. Rarer in tall-grass prairie than in mixed and 

 short-grass prairies. Absent or rare on large flood plains. Breeding in pools 

 which are ( 1 ) shallow to intermediate, (2) warm to cold, (3) typically well 

 vegetated (never has been found in completely barren pools), (4) temporary, 

 (5) often, but not always, intermediate to clear. Never in permanent water; 

 not in flowing water. Breeding pattern, xeric. (Figs. 10, 23, 30.) 



16. Pseudacris strfcf{cri Wright and Wright ( Northern Ornate Chorus Frog) 



Probably unrestricted ecologically but uncertain in the high plains of 

 Northwestern Oklahoma and unknown in the southeastern low areas. Breed- 

 ing sites varied: typically (1) shallow to intermediate, (2) cold to interme- 

 diate, (3) temporary, (4) well vegetated. Often in sloughs on flood plains, 

 ditches, and flooded fields. Never in flowing creeks. Sometimes breeding in 

 ice water and males have been collected calling during a sleet storm at an 



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